Exercise: evidence map - 18 findings across 18 sources

Evidence Landscape

This evidence map surveys 18 independent exercise sources drawn from the Tier-2 corpus and classified as direct findings. They vary across population, comparator, and/or endpoint and are catalogued by source in the Findings Map rather than pooled into one estimate — cross-population aggregation is not claimed. Each row records its own population, comparator, endpoint, and effect, so the spread of the literature and any tensions between findings remain explicit.

Findings Map

Population	Comparator	Finding	Source
men and women	—	elicit large increases in strength (∼25%)	2024 doi:10.2337/dci23-0100
adults with obesity for chronic weight…	—	average losses of 9.6-17.4% of initial body weight at week 68	2022 doi:10.2147/dddt.s365416
aged adults	—	this method is impractical and may even reduce arterial compliance by about 20% in aged ad…	2022 doi:10.3390/cells11091389
runners and sedentary group in Stanfor…	sedentary lifestyle	those who exercise had a significantly lower risk of dying (15%) than the sedentary group…	2021 doi:10.18632/aging.203051
older men (n=6, age 65 ± 5 years)	younger methylation levels	Around 73% of the age-related dmCpGs approached younger methylation levels when older musc…	2021 doi:10.1002/rco2.52
general population	sedentary lifestyle	regular physical activity reduces this risk by 24%.	2021 doi:10.3390/ijms221910260
adults following heart valve surgery	no exercise training	SF-12/36 mental component: mean difference (MD) 1.28, 95% CI -1.60 to 4.16; 2 trials, 150…	2021 doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010876.pub3
midlife/older adults aged 50-79 years…	low-resistance sham training…	Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation improved ≈45% with IMST (P<0.01)	2021 doi:10.1161/jaha.121.020980
207 community-dwelling older adults ag…	—	These factors explained 50.1% of the individual variation in physical fitness.	2020 doi:10.1111/acel.13105
adults at risk for colon cancer	—	Physical activity may prevent approximately 15% of the colon cancers.	2019 doi:10.4251/wjgo.v11.i5.348
7 persons (elderly users)	ground-truth exercise perfor…	a high accuracy in terms of detecting and classifying the physical exercises (97.35%) done…	2018 doi:10.3390/s18082633
Forty Alzheimer elderly subjects (grou…	group B control receiving no…	21.3% reduction in mean values of POMS in group (A) received aerobic exercise training	2017 doi:10.4314/ahs.v16i4.22
Drosophila melanogaster flies	selective breeding for longe…	Microarrays indicate that 65% of gene expression changes found in flies selectively bred f…	2015 doi:10.18632/aging.100789
frail older adults, particularly insti…	—	resistance training can significantly improve muscle strength, particularly in institution…	2015 doi:10.1159/000382065
Postmenopausal women aged 52-69 years…	Indoor training group	Adherence to training (97% vs 91%) was significantly higher outdoors (P ≤ 0.01).	2014 doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000000366
subjects (n = 44)	—	our subjects exhibited a marked range of hypertrophic responses (3% to +28%)	2013 doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003389
adults after dynamic resistance traini…	control	After dynamic resistance training, Vo(2) peak increased by 10.6% (P=0.01)	2011 doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.177071
institutionalized elderly (age 70.88 ±…	control group	Significant increases were observed in the exercise group on cardiorespiratory endurance (…	2011 doi:10.5402/2012/124916

Limitations

This is a scoping map of retrieved direct findings, not a meta-analysis: no pooled effect is computed, coverage is bounded by the Tier-2 corpus, and heterogeneity across rows precludes a single unified conclusion.

Scope

What is the range of reported effects across the exercise literature, and how do they vary by population, comparator, and endpoint? This map catalogues the findings rather than converging them to one claim.

Search Summary

18 direct (A_core) sources were retrieved from the Tier-2 semantic corpus for this topic and lane-classified; each is cited with a resolvable identifier in the source bundle below.

Tensions and Gaps

Findings differ in population, comparator, endpoint, and effect size, so they are not directly comparable and are not pooled. Gaps remain where a population or comparator is represented by only a single source.