SGLT2 inhibitors: evidence map - 24 findings across 24 sources

Evidence Landscape

This evidence map surveys 24 independent SGLT2 inhibitors sources drawn from the Tier-2 corpus and classified as direct findings. They vary across population, comparator, and/or endpoint and are catalogued by source in the Findings Map rather than pooled into one estimate — cross-population aggregation is not claimed. Each row records its own population, comparator, endpoint, and effect, so the spread of the literature and any tensions between findings remain explicit.

Findings Map

Population	Comparator	Finding	Source
patients from major cardiovascular and…	—	showing a 36% reduction in composite kidney outcomes	2025 doi:10.4093/dmj.2025.0220
individuals with CKD, with or without…	—	SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of kidney failure and other major kidney outcomes by 30%–…	2024 doi:10.34067/kid.0000000000000425
2,313 pancreatitis reports linked to h…	—	17.7% of the reports were associated with serious events	2024 doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1364110
U.S. SGLT-2 inhibitor prescriptions	2016 baseline	Another study reported a 114.6% increase in prescription rates between 2016 and 2021	2023 doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003666
participants not on renin-angiotensin…	—	Around 15% (almost 1000) of participants were not on renin-angiotensin system blockade.	2023 doi:10.1093/ckj/sfad082
Patients with type 2 diabetes and norm…	—	an average of 0.79% reduction in HbA1c is obtained in normal renal function	2022 doi:10.3390/ijms23073651
male UM-HET3 mice	—	extended median lifespan by 14% in male mice only.	2022 doi:10.1111/acel.13653
Randomized participants with type 2 di…	—	There were 2,201 adverse events reported, and 447/525 (85%) randomized participants experi…	2022 doi:10.1038/s41591-022-02120-7
type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in H…	DPP4 inhibitors	SGLT2I users had lower incidences of Alzheimer's (0.01 vs. 0.1%, p = 0.0047)	2021 doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.747620
type 2 diabetic patients	—	canagliflozin (100 mg/die) increased VLHDL by 10.9% after 12 weeks	2021 doi:10.3390/metabo11020087
Male C57BL/6J mice with sunitinib-indu…	Sunitinib (SNT) alone (LVEF…	EMPA could ameliorate SNT-induced cardiotoxicity, both in terms of SBP and LVEF (76.18 ± 5…	2021 doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.664181
non-diabetic mice with transverse aort…	vehicle	Empagliflozin also increased exercise endurance by 36% in mice with transverse aortic cons…	2021 doi:10.1161/jaha.120.018298
>40 000 patients across five large-sca…	—	SGLT2 inhibitors decreased the risk of serious heart failure events by 25-40%	2020 doi:10.1002/ejhf.1732
patients with type 2 diabetes	—	lower glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.6-0.8% (6-8 mmol/mol) without increasing the risk o…	2020 doi:10.3390/diseases8020014
genetically heterogeneous male mice	control diet	Cana extended median survival of male mice by 14%, with p < 0.001 by log-rank test.	2020 doi:10.1172/jci.insight.140019
patients with renal impairment	subjects with normal renal f…	Mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment were associated with a ≤70% increase in ertugl…	2020 doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00875-1
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus	insulin or GLP-1RA	SGLT-2i showed a greater decrease of PWV (10.1%) than insulin or GLP-1RA.	2020 doi:10.1161/jaha.119.015716
patients with heart failure with reduc…	standard therapy only	more than 90% of simulations were cost-effective at a willingness-to-pay threshold	2020 doi:10.1002/ejhf.1978
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus	—	no heterogeneity between different drugs in the SGLT2 inhibitor class for all of the clini…	2018 doi:10.1177/2047487318755531
diabetic db/db mice	vehicle-treated db/db mice	cardiac ATP production rates increased by 31% compared with db/db vehicle-treated mice	2018 doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.07.006
diabetic patients with established car…	—	the mortality rate from all-causes (32% RRR)	2018 doi:10.1186/s12933-018-0745-5
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus…	placebo	reported a 14% reduction in the primary composite outcome of cardiovascular death, nonfata…	2016 doi:10.1161/circulationaha.116.021887
subgroup of patients with baseline uri…	glimepiride	In patients with UACR ≥30 mg/g, canagliflozin 100 mg decreased UACR by 31.7% (95% CI, 8.6%…	2016 doi:10.1681/asn.2016030278
patients with T2DM and increased cardi…	earlier baseline period	relative risk reductions in major adverse cardiac events (14%)	2016 doi:10.2174/1573399812666160613113556

Limitations

This is a scoping map of retrieved direct findings, not a meta-analysis: no pooled effect is computed, coverage is bounded by the Tier-2 corpus, and heterogeneity across rows precludes a single unified conclusion.

Scope

What is the range of reported effects across the SGLT2 inhibitors literature, and how do they vary by population, comparator, and endpoint? This map catalogues the findings rather than converging them to one claim.

Search Summary

24 direct (A_core) sources were retrieved from the Tier-2 semantic corpus for this topic and lane-classified; each is cited with a resolvable identifier in the source bundle below.

Tensions and Gaps

Findings differ in population, comparator, endpoint, and effect size, so they are not directly comparable and are not pooled. Gaps remain where a population or comparator is represented by only a single source.