{"publication_id":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","content_hash":"sha256:b9f214d040b7862baf39ecaf7eb750c066bbc1e435e79e167d2b74dc1f956746","nodes":[{"id":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","type":"publication","title":"SGLT2 inhibitors: evidence map — 24 findings across 24 sources"},{"id":"claim_1","type":"claim","text":"This evidence map surveys 24 independent SGLT2 inhibitors sources drawn from the Tier-2 corpus and classified as direct findings. They vary across population, comparator, and/or endpoint and are catalogued by source in the Findings Map rather than pooled into one estimate — cross-population aggregation is not claimed. Each row records its own population, comparator, endpoint, and effect, so the spread of the literature and any tensions between findings remain explicit."},{"id":"claim_2","type":"claim","text":"| individuals with CKD, with or without… | — | SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of kidney failure and other major kidney outcomes by 30%–… | 2024 doi:10.34067/kid.0000000000000425 |"},{"id":"claim_3","type":"claim","text":"| U.S. SGLT-2 inhibitor prescriptions | 2016 baseline | Another study reported a 114.6% increase in prescription rates between 2016 and 2021 | 2023 doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003666 |"},{"id":"claim_4","type":"claim","text":"| type 2 diabetic patients | — | canagliflozin (100 mg/die) increased VLHDL by 10.9% after 12 weeks | 2021 doi:10.3390/metabo11020087 |"},{"id":"claim_5","type":"claim","text":"| non-diabetic mice with transverse aort… | vehicle | Empagliflozin also increased exercise endurance by 36% in mice with transverse aortic cons… | 2021 doi:10.1161/jaha.120.018298 |"},{"id":"claim_6","type":"claim","text":"| >40 000 patients across five large-sca… | — | SGLT2 inhibitors decreased the risk of serious heart failure events by 25-40% | 2020 doi:10.1002/ejhf.1732 |"},{"id":"claim_7","type":"claim","text":"| patients with type 2 diabetes | — | lower glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.6-0.8% (6-8 mmol/mol) without increasing the risk o… | 2020 doi:10.3390/diseases8020014 |"},{"id":"claim_8","type":"claim","text":"| patients with renal impairment | subjects with normal renal f… | Mild, moderate, and severe renal impairment were associated with a ≤70% increase in ertugl… | 2020 doi:10.1007/s40262-020-00875-1 |"},{"id":"claim_9","type":"claim","text":"| patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | insulin or GLP-1RA | SGLT-2i showed a greater decrease of PWV (10.1%) than insulin or GLP-1RA. | 2020 doi:10.1161/jaha.119.015716 |"},{"id":"claim_10","type":"claim","text":"| diabetic db/db mice | vehicle-treated db/db mice | cardiac ATP production rates increased by 31% compared with db/db vehicle-treated mice | 2018 doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.07.006 |"},{"id":"claim_11","type":"claim","text":"| subgroup of patients with baseline uri… | glimepiride | In patients with UACR ≥30 mg/g, canagliflozin 100 mg decreased UACR by 31.7% (95% CI, 8.6%… | 2016 doi:10.1681/asn.2016030278 |"},{"id":"claim_12","type":"claim","text":"| patients with T2DM and increased cardi… | earlier baseline period | relative risk reductions in major adverse cardiac events (14%) | 2016 doi:10.2174/1573399812666160613113556 |"},{"id":"source_1","type":"source","study":"SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Diabetic Kidney Disease: Evolving Evidence and Clinical Application","year":2025,"doi":"10.4093/dmj.2025.0220","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40367988/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_2","type":"source","study":"SGLT2 Inhibitors and Kidney Protection: Mechanisms Beyond Tubuloglomerular Feedback","year":2024,"doi":"10.34067/kid.0000000000000425","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38523127/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_3","type":"source","study":"Pancreatitis with use of new diabetic medications: a real-world data study using the post-marketing FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database","year":2024,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2024.1364110","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38860168/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_4","type":"source","study":"Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis in the era of SGLT-2 inhibitors","year":2023,"doi":"10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003666","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37797963/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_5","type":"source","study":"EMPA-KIDNEY: expanding the range of kidney protection by SGLT2 inhibitors","year":2023,"doi":"10.1093/ckj/sfad082","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37529652/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_6","type":"source","study":"An Overview of the Cardiorenal Protective Mechanisms of SGLT2 Inhibitors","year":2022,"doi":"10.3390/ijms23073651","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35409011/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_7","type":"source","study":"Neuroprotective effects of Canagliflozin: Lessons from aged genetically diverse UM‐HET3 mice","year":2022,"doi":"10.1111/acel.13653","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35707855/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_8","type":"source","study":"Patient stratification for determining optimal second-line and third-line therapy for type 2 diabetes: the TriMaster study","year":2022,"doi":"10.1038/s41591-022-02120-7","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36477733/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_9","type":"source","study":"Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors vs. Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP4) Inhibitors for New-Onset Dementia: A Propensity Score-Matched Population-Based Study With Competing Risk Analysis","year":2021,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2021.747620","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34746262/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_10","type":"source","study":"The Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Lipid Metabolism","year":2021,"doi":"10.3390/metabo11020087","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33535652/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_11","type":"source","study":"Sodium–Glucose CoTransporter-2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Ameliorates Sunitinib-Induced Cardiac Dysfunction via Regulation of AMPK–mTOR Signaling Pathway–Mediated Autophagy","year":2021,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2021.664181","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33995090/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_12","type":"source","study":"Direct Cardiac Actions of the Sodium Glucose Co‐Transporter 2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Improve Myocardial Oxidative Phosphorylation and Attenuate Pressure‐Overload Heart Failure","year":2021,"doi":"10.1161/jaha.120.018298","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33719499/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_13","type":"source","study":"Autophagy Stimulation and Intracellular Sodium Reduction as Mediators of the Cardioprotective Effect of Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors","year":2020,"doi":"10.1002/ejhf.1732","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32037659/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_14","type":"source","study":"SGLT2 Inhibitors: The Star in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes?","year":2020,"doi":"10.3390/diseases8020014","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32403420/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_15","type":"source","study":"Canagliflozin extends life span in genetically heterogeneous male but not female mice","year":2020,"doi":"10.1172/jci.insight.140019","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32990681/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_16","type":"source","study":"Overview of the Clinical Pharmacology of Ertugliflozin, a Novel Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitor","year":2020,"doi":"10.1007/s40262-020-00875-1","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32337660/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_17","type":"source","study":"Effects of Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 Receptor Agonists, Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter‐2 Inhibitors, and Their Combination on Endothelial Glycocalyx, Arterial Function, and Myocardial Work Index in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After 12‐Month Treatment","year":2020,"doi":"10.1161/jaha.119.015716","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32326806/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_18","type":"source","study":"Cost-Effectiveness of Dapagliflozin as a Treatment for Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Multinational Health-Economic Analysis of DAPA-HF","year":2020,"doi":"10.1002/ejhf.1978","url":null,"population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_19","type":"source","study":"Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2018,"doi":"10.1177/2047487318755531","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29372664/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_20","type":"source","study":"Empagliflozin Increases Cardiac Energy Production in Diabetes","year":2018,"doi":"10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.07.006","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30456329/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_21","type":"source","study":"Potential mechanisms responsible for cardioprotective effects of sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors","year":2018,"doi":"10.1186/s12933-018-0745-5","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29991346/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_22","type":"source","study":"Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus","year":2016,"doi":"10.1161/circulationaha.116.021887","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27470878/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_23","type":"source","study":"Canagliflozin Slows Progression of Renal Function Decline Independently of Glycemic Effects","year":2016,"doi":"10.1681/asn.2016030278","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27539604/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_24","type":"source","study":"Empagliflozin for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Overview of Phase 3 Clinical Trials","year":2016,"doi":"10.2174/1573399812666160613113556","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27296042/","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"}],"edges":[{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_1","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_2","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_3","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_4","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_5","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_6","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_7","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_8","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_9","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_10","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_11","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"6a95d805-9bed-4d50-9674-754d8b52c1ea","to":"claim_12","type":"contains_claim"}],"screening":{"identified":24,"screened":24,"excluded":0,"included":24,"included_or_retained":24,"flow":["identified","screened","excluded_with_reasons","included"],"wording":"24 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. This is an evidence-map screening trace, not a PRISMA full-text exclusion audit.","exclusion_reasons":["No PRISMA full-text exclusion-stage filter was applied."]}}