Adjacent Evidence Brief: Therapeutic plasma exchange

Hypothesis-Generating Brief: Therapeutic plasma exchange

Abstract

This paper synthesizes evidence on Therapeutic plasma exchange across 28 accepted source papers and 1449 high-confidence extracted claims.

The evidence profile contains 4 direct clinical sources, 24 adjacent clinical sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence, with a high-density pairwise disagreement map across the evidence base.

No single positive outcome class dominates the retained corpus; null signals cluster in the contextual adjacent evidence, immune and inflammation, safety and comorbidity outcome classes, and negative signals cluster in the contextual adjacent evidence outcome class. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.

The conclusion is that Therapeutic plasma exchange remains a bounded geroscience case: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.

Methods

Review type and protocol

This manuscript is reported as a Thin-corpus evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary methods_pack.json and the timestamped submission directory synthesis-therapeutic_plasma_exchange-v06-DAILY-2026-06-28T04-15-17Z.

Information sources

Sources were retrieved across PubMed, Europe PMC, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, Crossref, DOAJ, OpenAIRE, PMC OAI, bioRxiv, medRxiv, arXiv, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieval window: 2026-06-28.

Search strategy

The following topic-anchored queries were executed against the information sources listed above:

• therapeutic plasma exchange AND aging
• plasmapheresis AND biomarkers AND aging
• plasma dilution AND rejuvenation
• therapeutic plasma exchange AND inflammation
• plasma exchange AND older adults AND safety

Eligibility criteria

• Sources whose primary content addresses therapeutic plasma exchange.
• Sources with extractable quantitative or qualitative findings.
• Peer-reviewed primary research, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses; preprints accepted only when source-traceable.
• Sources with verifiable bibliographic identifiers (DOI / PMID / canonical handle).

Selection of sources of evidence

The synthesis did not begin from an unfiltered database export. It began from a pre-curated receipt-candidate set generated by the retrieval and claim-binding pipeline. Of 158 records in the receipt-candidate union, 38 were classified as source candidates and 28 were admitted as traceable synthesis sources. Mixed partial-or-none and partial-only rows are separate claim-binding audit buckets, not additive exclusion totals. No additional records were excluded after final source admission.

source admission funnel

Admission bucket	n
source candidate union	158
Classified source candidates	38
No extractable claims	25
None-only claim binding	11
Mixed partial-or-none claim-binding candidates	60
Partial-only claim-binding candidates	19
Strict high-confidence sources	5
Admitted final sources	28

Exclusion reasons

• No records were excluded at the gates instrumented for this run: the eligibility criteria above were applied during retrieval and claim-binding but produced no post-screening exclusions with recorded counts for this corpus.

Data items

The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.

Risk-of-bias appraisal

Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated risk_of_bias.json rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.

Synthesis approach

Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (contextual adjacent evidence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, immune and inflammation, longevity, mortality and survival, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.

AI-use disclosure

Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary manifest.json. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.

Accountability

Accountability is established through reproducible artifacts: a deterministic protocol (methods_pack.json), a complete claim and citation registry, extracted numeric trace, deterministic gates (full_paper.journal_surface.json, pre_submit_gate.json, artifact_consistency.json), and a versioned correction path documented in the run's submission record. Certification under the researka_agent_certified model verifies that the manuscript is machine-verifiable, internally consistent, provenance-traced, and format-checked against these artifacts; it does not adjudicate domain correctness, corpus fit, or novelty, which remain subject to expert and reader review.

Research Question

Scope-framing note: This evidence map frames Therapeutic plasma exchange as clinical applications across heterogeneous indications rather than as standalone anti-aging or longevity proof. Aging-relevant interpretation is restricted to source rows whose endpoint, population, and outcome-class metadata directly support it; otherwise the retained evidence is contextual and hypothesis-generating.

Evidence Landscape

Findings Map

1 reviewer-named sources are not retained in this source map and are not counted in clinical outcome-class tallies unless listed below.

• Kimber 2026: Clinical and economic outcomes of therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for treating adults with autoimmune neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B1; finding=representative statistic P < 0.05; source-level statistic reported.

• Boada 2020: A randomized, controlled clinical trial of plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer's disease: Primary results of the AMBAR Study: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; finding=representative statistic P = .03; source-level statistic reported.

• Ipe 2021: Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Evidence: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=negative; directness=review; tier=B2; finding=representative statistic p ≥ 0.05; source-level statistic reported.

• Boada 2021: Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and quality‐of‐life assessments in Alzheimer's disease patients treated with plasma exchange with albumin replacement from the randomized AMBAR study: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; finding=representative statistic P = .06; source-level statistic reported.

• Eichinger 2025: Complications of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Pediatric Neuroimmune Disorders: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=representative statistic p < 0.05; source-level statistic reported.

• Lee 2026: Pediatric Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: Characterization of Practice, Epidemiology, and Safety Profile at a Children's Hospital in the United States: outcome=Safety and Comorbidity; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=46 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Salur 2026: The Role of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in the Management of Myeloma-Related Cast Nephropathy: A 10-Year Real-World Cohort Study: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=representative statistic p = 0.378; source-level statistic reported.

• Fuentealba 2025: Multi‐Omics Analysis Reveals Biomarkers That Contribute to Biological Age Rejuvenation in Response to Single‐Blinded Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=representative statistic p < 0.048; source-level statistic reported.

• Dogan 2026: Assessment of clinical characteristics, treatment responses, relapses, and survival in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura undergoing therapeutic plasma exchange: A single-center experience: outcome=Mortality and Survival; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=representative statistic p<0.01; source-level statistic reported.

• Xu 2026: Modulation of Cytokines and Immune Cells by Plasma Exchange in Patients With Certain Autoimmune Neurological Diseases: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=representative statistic p < 0.001; source-level statistic reported.

• Kohli 2022: Effect on haemostasis of different replacement fluids during therapeutic plasma exchange—A comparative multicentre observational study: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=30 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Luo 2023: Therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with sepsis: Secondary analysis of a cluster‐randomized controlled trial: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=mixed; directness=direct; tier=A1; finding=representative statistic P = .07; source-level statistic reported.

• Espana-Cueto 2025: Plasma exchange therapy for the post COVID-19 condition: a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=direct; tier=A1; finding=26 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Thomas 2026: Severe autoimmune diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in children; early diagnosis and initiation of therapeutic plasma exchange may improve clinical outcomes: outcome=adjacent clinical-context evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=22 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Williams 2026: “In-Series” Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy and Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort, 2018–2022: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=21 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Kularathna 2026: Clinical Experience of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) in Severe Leptospirosis: A Case Series from Sri Lanka: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=representative statistic p < 0.001; source-level statistic reported.

• Tupin 2026: Pathogen‐reduced plasma, cryoprecipitate reduced for therapeutic plasma exchange: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=17 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Krzych 2021: What Is the Role of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange as an Adjunctive Treatment in Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review: outcome=treatment or intervention-response evidence; direction=null; directness=review; tier=B2; finding=16 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Sgavardea 2026: Towards a clinical decision protocol for therapeutic plasma exchange based on biomarker patterns and machine learning: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=14 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Davidson 2022: Rescuing Cancer Immunity by Plasma Exchange in Metastatic Melanoma (ReCIPE-M1): protocol for a single-institution, open-label safety trial of plasma exchange to clear sPD-L1 for immunotherapy: outcome=Safety and Comorbidity; direction=null; directness=protocol; tier=D1; finding=12 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Raval 2026: Bleeding Risk Is Not Increased When Initiating Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Adults Using Exclusively Albumin Replacement Fluid 2 Days After Percutaneous Kidney Biopsy: outcome=Safety and Comorbidity; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=representative statistic p ≥ 0.05; source-level statistic reported.

• Ciobanu 2026: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Successful Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Treatment After SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection—A Case Report: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=7 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Nachtigall 2026: Neither Therapeutic Plasma Exchange nor High-Flux Hemodialysis Enhances the Removal of Chlorprothixene in Case of Intoxication despite a Drop in Plasma Levels: A Case Report: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=6 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Dazio 2026: Clinical response of acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis treated with therapeutic plasma exchange in four dogs: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=5 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Anvari 2025: Separate (Asynchronous) Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) and Plasma Transfusion in the Patient with Severe TPE Complications: A Case Report: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=3 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Yeh 2026: Case Report: Successful management of acute vincristine overdose in a cat with metastatic gastric lymphoma using therapeutic plasma exchange: outcome=Dosing and Pharmacokinetics; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=3 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Faqihi 2020: Reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy in fulminant COVID-19 associated with cytokine release syndrome and resolution following therapeutic plasma exchange: a case-report: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2; finding=1 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding.

• Maier 2025: Therapeutic plasma exchange for fibrinogen-associated hyperviscosity: results of the COVID-19 PLasma EXchange (COPLEX) randomized controlled trial.: outcome=Longevity; direction=null; directness=direct; tier=A1; finding=representative statistic P = .13; source-level statistic reported.

Topic-fit rationale: Sources are retained only when they operationalize therapeutic plasma exchange directly or provide adjacent/contextual boundary evidence for the same construct. 4/28 retained sources are classified as direct; adjacent, contextual, review-level, or mechanistic sources are reclassified as boundary evidence rather than used for broad efficacy claims. Representative source-fit checks: Kimber 2026 (review; Immune and Inflammation), Boada 2020 (direct; Contextual Adjacent Evidence), Ipe 2021 (review; Contextual Adjacent Evidence), Boada 2021 (review; Contextual Adjacent Evidence), Eichinger 2025 (indirect; Immune and Inflammation).

Substantive evidence synthesis: The manifest includes 28 retained sources, 4 direct-source row(s), and receipt-level directional coding across mixed=1, negative=1, null=17, unclear=9. Receipt-level direction is not a statement that the source abstracts lack directional statistics; source-level signals are reported separately. Representative source-level signals are: Kimber 2026: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Clinical and economic outcomes of therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for treating adults with; finding=representative statistic P < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=675; Boada 2020: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=A randomized, controlled clinical trial of plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer's disease: Primary; finding=representative statistic P = .03; source-level statistic reported; claims=113; Ipe 2021: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=negative; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative; finding=representative statistic p ≥ 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=100; Boada 2021: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and quality‐of‐life assessments in Alzheimer's disease patients treated with; finding=representative statistic P = .06; source-level statistic reported; claims=68; Salur 2026: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=The Role of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in the Management of Myeloma-Related Cast Nephropathy: A 10-Year Real-World; finding=representative statistic p = 0.378; source-level statistic reported; claims=39; Fuentealba 2025: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Multi‐Omics Analysis Reveals Biomarkers That Contribute to Biological Age Rejuvenation in Response to Single‐Blinded; finding=representative statistic p < 0.048; source-level statistic reported; claims=37; Dogan 2026: outcome=Mortality and Survival; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Assessment of clinical characteristics, treatment responses, relapses, and survival in patients with thrombotic; finding=representative statistic p<0.01; source-level statistic reported; claims=33; Xu 2026: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2; result=Modulation of Cytokines and Immune Cells by Plasma Exchange in Patients With Certain Autoimmune Neurological Diseases; finding=representative statistic p < 0.001; source-level statistic reported; claims=31. These signals inform the bounded conclusion by separating effect direction from evidence tier/directness; indirect, review-level, mechanistic, or contextual evidence remains hypothesis-generating.

Key Findings

Key findings from source synthesis:

Per-source direction/directness/tier audit table:

Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; | Source | Outcome class | Direction | Directness | Tier | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Anvari 2025 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Boada 2020 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=unclear | directness=direct | tier=A1 | | Boada 2021 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=unclear | directness=review | tier=B2 | | Dazio 2026 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Espana-Cueto 2025 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=null | directness=direct | tier=A1 | | Fuentealba 2025 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Ipe 2021 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=negative | directness=review | tier=B2 | | Kohli 2022 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Kularathna 2026 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Nachtigall 2026 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Salur 2026 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Sgavardea 2026 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Tupin 2026 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Williams 2026 | Contextual Adjacent Evidence | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Yeh 2026 | Dosing and Pharmacokinetics | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Ciobanu 2026 | Immune and Inflammation | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Eichinger 2025 | Immune and Inflammation | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Faqihi 2020 | Immune and Inflammation | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Kimber 2026 | Immune and Inflammation | direction=unclear | directness=review | tier=B1 | | Luo 2023 | Immune and Inflammation | direction=mixed | directness=direct | tier=A1 | | Xu 2026 | Immune and Inflammation | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Krzych 2021 | Longevity | direction=null | directness=review | tier=B2 | | Maier 2025 | Longevity | direction=null | directness=direct | tier=A1 | | Thomas 2026 | Longevity | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Dogan 2026 | Mortality and Survival | direction=unclear | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Davidson 2022 | Safety and Comorbidity | direction=null | directness=protocol | tier=D1 | | Lee 2026 | Safety and Comorbidity | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 | | Raval 2026 | Safety and Comorbidity | direction=null | directness=indirect | tier=B2 |

Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; manifest outcome-class count summary: Contextual Adjacent Evidence: admitted n=14 (negative=1, null=7, unclear=6); leading sources: Boada 2020, Ipe 2021, Boada 2021; Immune and Inflammation: admitted n=5 (mixed=1, null=3, unclear=1); leading sources: Luo 2023, Eichinger 2025, Xu 2026; Longevity: admitted n=3 (null=3); leading sources: Maier 2025, Thomas 2026, Krzych 2021; Safety and Comorbidity: admitted n=3 (null=3); leading sources: Raval 2026, Lee 2026, Davidson 2022; Dosing and Pharmacokinetics: admitted n=1 (null=1); leading sources: Yeh 2026.

Outcome-class key findings:

• Boada 2020: A randomized, controlled clinical trial of plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer's disease: Primary; representative statistic P = .03; source-level statistic reported; outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1.
• Luo 2023: Therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with sepsis: Secondary analysis of a cluster‐randomized controlled trial; representative statistic P = .07; source-level statistic reported; outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=mixed; directness=direct; tier=A1.
• Maier 2025: Therapeutic plasma exchange for fibrinogen-associated hyperviscosity: results of the COVID-19 PLasma EXchange (COPLEX); representative statistic P = .13; source-level statistic reported; outcome=Longevity; direction=null; directness=direct; tier=A1.
• Kimber 2026: Clinical and economic outcomes of therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for treating adults with; representative statistic P < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B1.
• Ipe 2021: Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative; representative statistic p ≥ 0.05; source-level statistic reported; outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=negative; directness=review; tier=B2.

Source-level findings by outcome class:

• Contextual Adjacent Evidence: Boada 2020 (A randomized, controlled clinical trial of plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer's disease: Primary; representative statistic P = .03; source-level statistic reported; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1); Ipe 2021 (Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative; representative statistic p ≥ 0.05; source-level statistic reported; direction=negative; directness=review; tier=B2); Boada 2021 (Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and quality‐of‐life assessments in Alzheimer's disease patients treated with; representative statistic P = .06; source-level statistic reported; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2).
• Dosing and Pharmacokinetics: Yeh 2026 (Case Report: Successful management of acute vincristine overdose in a cat with metastatic gastric lymphoma using; 3 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2).
• Immune and Inflammation: Kimber 2026 (Clinical and economic outcomes of therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for treating adults with; representative statistic P < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B1).
• Immune and Inflammation: Luo 2023 (Therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with sepsis: Secondary analysis of a cluster‐randomized controlled trial; representative statistic P = .07; source-level statistic reported; direction=mixed; directness=direct; tier=A1); Eichinger 2025 (Complications of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Pediatric Neuroimmune Disorders; representative statistic p < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2); Xu 2026 (Modulation of Cytokines and Immune Cells by Plasma Exchange in Patients With Certain Autoimmune Neurological Diseases; representative statistic p < 0.001; source-level statistic reported; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2).
• Longevity: Maier 2025 (Therapeutic plasma exchange for fibrinogen-associated hyperviscosity: results of the COVID-19 PLasma EXchange (COPLEX); representative statistic P = .13; source-level statistic reported; direction=null; directness=direct; tier=A1); Thomas 2026 (Severe autoimmune diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in children; early diagnosis and initiation of therapeutic plasma; 22 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2); Krzych 2021 (What Is the Role of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange as an Adjunctive Treatment in Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review; 16 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; direction=null; directness=review; tier=B2).
• Mortality and Survival: Dogan 2026 (Assessment of clinical characteristics, treatment responses, relapses, and survival in patients with thrombotic; representative statistic p<0.01; source-level statistic reported; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2).
• Safety and Comorbidity: Raval 2026 (Bleeding Risk Is Not Increased When Initiating Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Adults Using Exclusively Albumin; representative statistic p ≥ 0.05; source-level statistic reported; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2); Lee 2026 (Pediatric Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: Characterization of Practice, Epidemiology, and Safety Profile at a Children's; 46 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2); Davidson 2022 (Rescuing Cancer Immunity by Plasma Exchange in Metastatic Melanoma (ReCIPE-M1): protocol for a single-institution; 12 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; direction=null; directness=protocol; tier=D1).

Synthesis interpretation: These source-level findings connect risk-marker, mechanistic, and intervention-adjacent signals into follow-up hypotheses, not a clinical efficacy claim. Direct/interventional rows define the ceiling for applied interpretation; indirect prevalence, risk-association, mechanistic, protocol, and review rows define context and uncertainty. Representative coded source verdicts remain: Kimber 2026: outcome=Immune and Inflammation; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B1; result=Clinical and economic outcomes of therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for treating adults with; finding=representative statistic P < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=675; Boada 2020: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1; result=A randomized, controlled clinical trial of plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer's disease: Primary; finding=representative statistic P = .03; source-level statistic reported; claims=113; Ipe 2021: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=negative; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative; finding=representative statistic p ≥ 0.05; source-level statistic reported; claims=100; Boada 2021: outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2; result=Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and quality‐of‐life assessments in Alzheimer's disease patients treated with; finding=representative statistic P = .06; source-level statistic reported; claims=68. The bounded conclusion follows from source direction, outcome class, evidence tier, and directness rather than from source count alone. Publication-year note: citation years follow the manifest metadata; when DOI/PubMed dates differ, the source should be treated as bibliographic/in-press metadata and not used for year-specific claims.

Results

Outcome-class note: Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.

Evidence domain	Corpus slice	Strongest signal	Directness	Main limitation
Therapeutic plasma exchange / Contextual Adjacent Evidence	n=14; claims=499	significant source statistic in 6/14 sources; receipt-level direction coded null	2 direct; 10 indirect; 2 review	limited corpus depth in this outcome class
Therapeutic plasma exchange / Immune and Inflammation	n=6; claims=806	significant source statistic in 4/6 sources; receipt-level direction coded null	1 direct; 4 indirect; 1 review	limited corpus depth in this outcome class
Therapeutic plasma exchange / Longevity	n=3; claims=39	reported statistic in 1/3 sources; receipt-level direction coded null	1 direct; 1 indirect; 1 review	limited corpus depth in this outcome class
Therapeutic plasma exchange / Safety and Comorbidity	n=3; claims=69	reported statistic in 1/3 sources; receipt-level direction coded null	2 indirect; 1 protocol	limited corpus depth in this outcome class
Therapeutic plasma exchange / Dosing and Pharmacokinetics	n=1; claims=3	no extracted directional signal in 1/1 sources	1 indirect	single-source slice; hypothesis-generating
Therapeutic plasma exchange / Mortality and Survival	n=1; claims=33	significant source statistic in 1/1 sources; receipt-level direction coded unclear	1 indirect	single-source slice; hypothesis-generating

This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.

Contextual Adjacent Evidence Outcomes

Contextual Adjacent Evidence remains a separate Results slice for Therapeutic plasma exchange (n=14; claims=499; significant source statistic in 6/14 sources; receipt-level direction coded null; 2 direct; 10 indirect; 2 review; limited corpus depth in this outcome class) and is not pooled into adjacent endpoint classes. Source-level findings are:

• Boada 2020 (A randomized, controlled clinical trial of plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer's disease: Primary; representative statistic P = .03; source-level statistic reported; direction=unclear; directness=direct; tier=A1).
• Ipe 2021 (Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative; representative statistic p ≥ 0.05; source-level statistic reported; direction=negative; directness=review; tier=B2).
• Boada 2021 (Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and quality‐of‐life assessments in Alzheimer's disease patients treated with; representative statistic P = .06; source-level statistic reported; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B2).
• Salur 2026 (The Role of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in the Management of Myeloma-Related Cast Nephropathy: A 10-Year Real-World; representative statistic p = 0.378; source-level statistic reported; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2).

Direction reconciliation: receipt-level null or unclear coding is conservative claim-level coding. Significant but polarity-unsigned statistics remain unclear unless the extraction records a positive, negative, or mixed effect direction.

Immune and Inflammation Outcomes

Source-level findings are:

• Luo 2023 (Therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with sepsis: Secondary analysis of a cluster‐randomized controlled trial; representative statistic P = .07; source-level statistic reported; direction=mixed; directness=direct; tier=A1).

• Kimber 2026 (Clinical and economic outcomes of therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for treating adults with; representative statistic P < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; direction=unclear; directness=review; tier=B1).

• Eichinger 2025 (Complications of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Pediatric Neuroimmune Disorders; representative statistic p < 0.05; source-level statistic reported; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2).

1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Signal summary: significant source statistic in 1/1 sources; receipt-level direction coded unclear. Directness coding: review=1.

Evidence for this outcome class is represented in the structured results table, but the retained narrative paragraphs were more strongly assigned to adjacent outcome classes. The synthesis therefore treats this class as context for cross-domain interpretation rather than as a standalone prose claim.

Longevity Outcomes

Longevity remains a separate Results slice for Therapeutic plasma exchange (n=3; claims=39; reported statistic in 1/3 sources; receipt-level direction coded null; 1 direct; 1 indirect; 1 review; limited corpus depth in this outcome class) and is not pooled into adjacent endpoint classes. Source-level findings are:

• Maier 2025 (Therapeutic plasma exchange for fibrinogen-associated hyperviscosity: results of the COVID-19 PLasma EXchange (COPLEX); representative statistic P = .13; source-level statistic reported; direction=null; directness=direct; tier=A1).
• Thomas 2026 (Severe autoimmune diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in children; early diagnosis and initiation of therapeutic plasma; 22 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2).
• Krzych 2021 (What Is the Role of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange as an Adjunctive Treatment in Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review; 16 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; direction=null; directness=review; tier=B2).

Safety and Comorbidity Outcomes

Safety and Comorbidity remains a separate Results slice for Therapeutic plasma exchange (n=3; claims=69; reported statistic in 1/3 sources; receipt-level direction coded null; 2 indirect; 1 protocol; limited corpus depth in this outcome class) and is not pooled into adjacent endpoint classes. Source-level findings are:

• Raval 2026 (Bleeding Risk Is Not Increased When Initiating Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Adults Using Exclusively Albumin; representative statistic p ≥ 0.05; source-level statistic reported; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2).
• Lee 2026 (Pediatric Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: Characterization of Practice, Epidemiology, and Safety Profile at a Children's; 46 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2).
• Davidson 2022 (Rescuing Cancer Immunity by Plasma Exchange in Metastatic Melanoma (ReCIPE-M1): protocol for a single-institution; 12 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; direction=null; directness=protocol; tier=D1).

Dosing and Pharmacokinetics Outcomes

Dosing and Pharmacokinetics remains a separate Results slice for Therapeutic plasma exchange (n=1; claims=3; no extracted directional signal in 1/1 sources; 1 indirect; single-source slice; hypothesis-generating) and is not pooled into adjacent endpoint classes. Source-level findings are:

• Yeh 2026 (Case Report: Successful management of acute vincristine overdose in a cat with metastatic gastric lymphoma using; 3 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2).

Mortality and Survival Outcomes

Mortality and Survival remains a separate Results slice for Therapeutic plasma exchange (n=1; claims=33; significant source statistic in 1/1 sources; receipt-level direction coded unclear; 1 indirect; single-source slice; hypothesis-generating) and is not pooled into adjacent endpoint classes. Source-level findings are:

• Dogan 2026 (Assessment of clinical characteristics, treatment responses, relapses, and survival in patients with thrombotic; representative statistic p<0.01; source-level statistic reported; direction=unclear; directness=indirect; tier=B2).

Limitations

The principal limitation is evidence-role imbalance. The retained corpus contains 4 direct clinical sources, 24 adjacent clinical sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence, which means causal interpretation depends on how much weight is assigned to each evidence tier.

A second limitation is endpoint heterogeneity. Study-level signals span no dominant outcome class, the contextual adjacent evidence, immune and inflammation, safety and comorbidity outcome classes, the contextual adjacent evidence outcome class, and the immune and inflammation outcome class; these domains cannot be pooled narratively without losing clinically relevant differences in measurement, population, and study design.

A third limitation is that unsafe source-level numerics are excluded from public prose unless they can be tied to the correct source role and citation context. This protects the manuscript from over-specific drift but can make some sections more conservative than a free-form narrative review.

Conclusion

Substantive conclusion for Therapeutic plasma exchange: the retained source set shows 28 sources across Contextual Adjacent Evidence admitted n=14, Immune and Inflammation admitted n=6, Longevity admitted n=3, Safety and Comorbidity admitted n=3; receipt-level directions mixed=1, negative=1, null=17, unclear=9; leading source labels Boada 2020, Luo 2023, Maier 2025. The paper does not establish standalone clinical actionability.

The conclusion is narrower: the retained evidence maps associations, mechanisms, and candidate endpoints for follow-up; it does not establish clinical benefit, therapeutic actionability, or anti-aging efficacy. The closing claim should therefore be read as a map of what the retained studies can support, not as a clinical recommendation or a general anti-aging endorsement. Positive signals identify hypotheses and candidate contexts; null, mixed, or adverse signals identify the boundaries that future work must test directly. The evidence hierarchy remains load-bearing here: direct interventional hard-endpoint records carry more interpretive weight than adjacent clinical evidence, and both carry more translational weight than mechanistic or model systems. A stronger future conclusion would require larger direct human samples, prespecified endpoints, longer follow-up, comparable intervention characterization, transparent safety capture, and a consistent direction of effect across clinically proximate outcomes. Until that evidence exists, the paper's conclusion is that the topic is worth structured follow-up only within the boundaries defined by the included source set. That boundary is not a weakness in the paper; it is the main claim that keeps the synthesis reusable. Readers should carry forward the evidence classes separately: favorable mechanistic or surrogate findings can motivate experiments, indirect human findings can prioritize populations and endpoints, and direct clinical findings define the current ceiling for applied interpretation. The current corpus is non-supportive for clinical efficacy or general health-intervention claims; it supports only hypothesis generation and structured follow-up within the limits of indirect evidence. Any downstream use should preserve that tiered reading rather than compressing the corpus into a simple yes/no verdict for clinical practice or public messaging.

What This Synthesis Adds

This synthesis maps 28 included sources on Therapeutic Plasma Exchange across 7 outcome classes and 102 cross-study disagreements. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad geroprotection claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable healthspan benefit.

Across 28 curated reference papers, the evidence base for Therapeutic shows a context-dependent profile. Negative signals appear in: contextual other. Null findings dominate: contextual other, immune inflammation. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The Therapeutic anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established.

The strongest unresolved contrast is the null vs negative between Kohli 2022 and Ipe 2021 on contextual adjacent evidence (severity 4/5), which defines the boundary condition future studies must test rather than smooth over.

Prior reviews in the corpus (Kimber 2026) emphasize convergent signals on Therapeutic Plasma Exchange. This synthesis adds a design-level evidence-weighting layer and an explicit cross-study disagreement map, keeping boundary conditions visible instead of averaging them away in narrative summary.

Boundary-Condition Matrix

Evidence domain	Direct sources	Indirect / mechanism sources	Direction profile	Interpretation boundary
immune and inflammation	0	1	unclear	direct interventional hard-endpoint gap
longevity	1	2	null	replication gap
dosing and pharmacokinetics	0	1	null	direct interventional hard-endpoint gap
mortality and survival	0	1	unclear	direct interventional hard-endpoint gap
safety and comorbidity	0	3	null	direct interventional hard-endpoint gap
contextual adjacent evidence	2	12	negative, null, unclear	conflict-resolution gap
immune and inflammation	1	4	mixed, null, unclear	replication gap

Evidence-Gap Priority

Priority	Gap	Rationale
P1	immune and inflammation: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap	0 direct and 1 indirect source; direction profile: unclear
P2	longevity: replication gap	1 direct and 2 indirect sources; direction profile: null
P3	dosing and pharmacokinetics: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap	0 direct and 1 indirect source; direction profile: null
P4	mortality and survival: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap	0 direct and 1 indirect source; direction profile: unclear
P5	safety and comorbidity: direct interventional hard-endpoint gap	0 direct and 3 indirect sources; direction profile: null

Next-Study Design Recommendation

The next high-yield study for Therapeutic Plasma Exchange should target the immune and inflammation evidence gap, pre-register the primary endpoint, separate clinical from mechanistic endpoints, preserve safety and adherence capture, and include an analysis plan that can falsify the current boundary-condition claim rather than only confirming a favorable direction. Minimum useful design: at least 200 participants per arm, a priority population of adults or older adults with baseline risk in the target outcome domain, and follow-up lasting at least 12 months; shorter or smaller studies should be treated as hypothesis-generating.

Evidence Snapshot

Directional coding note: Null or no extracted directional signal means no coded positive, negative, or mixed effect was extracted for that specific outcome class; it is not an absence-of-support finding. Positive, negative, mixed, unclear, and null are outcome-specific codes, so a bounded rationale can be supported by adjacent or different outcome evidence while another outcome remains null or unclear. Contextual claims contain bibliographic background, mechanism, methods, exposure definitions, or population context rather than effect-direction evidence. When an outcome-class summary uses no extracted directional signal, it should state the source proportion, such as X/Y sources, to avoid ambiguity. Majority-direction note: 9/28 retained sources are coded unclear at the receipt level. Unless the extraction records a positive, negative, mixed, or null polarity for the mapped outcome, the manuscript states that direction cannot be determined for that source and narrows the conclusion instead of treating source count as directional support. Directional-map boundary: Because 9/28 retained sources are predominantly unclear-coded at receipt level, the corpus does not support a standalone per-class directional map; source-level p-values and polarity are reported as audit facts rather than efficacy directions unless extraction records polarity.

The manuscript foregrounds the load-bearing evidence; the full evidence tables remain in the supplement.

Load-Bearing Included Studies

• Boada 2020; tier=A1; directness=direct; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=unclear; representative statistic=P < 0.0001.
• Luo 2023; tier=A1; directness=direct; endpoint=immune inflammation; direction=mixed; representative statistic=P = 0.009.
• Espana-Cueto 2025; tier=A1; directness=direct; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null.
• Maier 2025; tier=A1; directness=direct; endpoint=longevity; direction=null; representative statistic=P = 0.13.
• Kimber 2026; tier=B1; directness=review; endpoint=immune; direction=unclear; representative statistic=P < 0.05.
• Ipe 2021; tier=B2; directness=review; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=negative; representative statistic=P < 0.0001.
• Boada 2021; tier=B2; directness=review; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=unclear; representative statistic=P = 0.002.
• Eichinger 2025; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=immune inflammation; direction=null.
• Lee 2026; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=safety comorbidity; direction=null.
• Salur 2026; tier=B2; directness=indirect; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=unclear; representative statistic=P < 0.001.

Classification Criteria

• Outcome class is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.
• Directness is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.
• Directional signal is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A no extracted directional signal cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.
• Evidence tier follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.

Load-Bearing Tensions

• Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; severity 4 null vs negative: Kohli 2022 vs Ipe 2021; Ipe 2021 (negative on contextual other) vs Kohli 2022 (null on contextual other) — partial conflict
• Severity 4 null vs negative: Anvari 2025 vs Ipe 2021; Ipe 2021 (negative on contextual other) vs Anvari 2025 (null on contextual other) — partial conflict
• Severity 4 null vs negative: Dazio 2026 vs Ipe 2021; Ipe 2021 (negative on contextual other) vs Dazio 2026 (null on contextual other) — partial conflict
• Severity 4 null vs negative: Sgavardea 2026 vs Ipe 2021; Ipe 2021 (negative on contextual other) vs Sgavardea 2026 (null on contextual other) — partial conflict
• Severity 4 null vs negative: Williams 2026 vs Ipe 2021; Ipe 2021 (negative on contextual other) vs Williams 2026 (null on contextual other) — partial conflict
• Severity 4 null vs negative: Nachtigall 2026 vs Ipe 2021; Ipe 2021 (negative on contextual other) vs Nachtigall 2026 (null on contextual other) — partial conflict
• Severity 3 indirectness gap: Kohli 2022 vs Espana-Cueto 2025; Espana-Cueto 2025 (direct, A1) vs Kohli 2022 (indirect) on contextual other — direct vs indirect must be kept separate
• Severity 3 indirectness gap: Kohli 2022 vs Boada 2020; Boada 2020 (direct, A1) vs Kohli 2022 (indirect) on contextual other — direct vs indirect must be kept separate

References

• Kimber 2026. Clinical and economic outcomes of therapeutic plasma exchange and intravenous immunoglobulin for treating adults with autoimmune neurological disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurology, 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12883-026-04780-1. PMID: 41794683.
• Boada 2020. A randomized, controlled clinical trial of plasma exchange with albumin replacement for Alzheimer's disease: Primary results of the AMBAR Study. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2020. DOI: 10.1002/alz.12137. PMID: 32715623.
• Ipe 2021. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Myasthenia Gravis: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Comparative Evidence. Frontiers in Neurology, 2021. DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.662856. PMID: 34531809.
• Boada 2021. Neuropsychological, neuropsychiatric, and quality‐of‐life assessments in Alzheimer's disease patients treated with plasma exchange with albumin replacement from the randomized AMBAR study. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2021. DOI: 10.1002/alz.12477. PMID: 34726348.
• Eichinger 2025. Complications of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Pediatric Neuroimmune Disorders. Children, 2025. DOI: 10.3390/children12111457. PMID: 41300575.
• Lee 2026. Pediatric Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: Characterization of Practice, Epidemiology, and Safety Profile at a Children's Hospital in the United States. Journal of Clinical Apheresis, 2026. DOI: 10.1002/jca.70128. PMID: 42065656.
• Salur 2026. The Role of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in the Management of Myeloma-Related Cast Nephropathy: A 10-Year Real-World Cohort Study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 2026. DOI: 10.3390/jcm15020417. PMID: 41598356.
• Fuentealba 2025. Multi‐Omics Analysis Reveals Biomarkers That Contribute to Biological Age Rejuvenation in Response to Single‐Blinded Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Therapeutic Plasma Exchange. Aging Cell, 2025. DOI: 10.1111/acel.70103. PMID: 40424097.
• Dogan 2026. Assessment of clinical characteristics, treatment responses, relapses, and survival in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura undergoing therapeutic plasma exchange: A single-center experience. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2026. DOI: 10.12669/pjms.42.4.14962. PMID: 42257096.
• Xu 2026. Modulation of Cytokines and Immune Cells by Plasma Exchange in Patients With Certain Autoimmune Neurological Diseases. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease, 2026. DOI: 10.1002/iid3.70369.
• Kohli 2022. Effect on haemostasis of different replacement fluids during therapeutic plasma exchange—A comparative multicentre observational study. Journal of Clinical Apheresis, 2022. DOI: 10.1002/jca.22008. PMID: 36054584.
• Luo 2023. Therapeutic plasma exchange in patients with sepsis: Secondary analysis of a cluster‐randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Apheresis, 2023. DOI: 10.1002/jca.22027. PMID: 36314372.
• Espana-Cueto 2025. Plasma exchange therapy for the post COVID-19 condition: a phase II, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Nature Communications, 2025. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-57198-7. PMID: 39994269.
• Thomas 2026. Severe autoimmune diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in children; early diagnosis and initiation of therapeutic plasma exchange may improve clinical outcomes. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 2026. DOI: 10.3389/fped.2026.1799535. PMID: 42023284.
• Williams 2026. “In-Series” Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy and Therapeutic Plasma Exchange: Single-Center Retrospective Cohort, 2018–2022. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, 2026. DOI: 10.1097/PCC.0000000000003942. PMID: 41910403.
• Kularathna 2026. Clinical Experience of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) in Severe Leptospirosis: A Case Series from Sri Lanka. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 2026. DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed11050132. PMID: 42188861.
• Tupin 2026. Pathogen‐reduced plasma, cryoprecipitate reduced for therapeutic plasma exchange. Transfusion, 2026. DOI: 10.1111/trf.70099. PMID: 41618717.
• Krzych 2021. What Is the Role of Therapeutic Plasma Exchange as an Adjunctive Treatment in Severe COVID-19: A Systematic Review. Viruses, 2021. DOI: 10.3390/v13081484. PMID: 34452349.
• Sgavardea 2026. Towards a clinical decision protocol for therapeutic plasma exchange based on biomarker patterns and machine learning. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 2026. DOI: 10.1186/s12911-026-03484-3. PMID: 41992182.
• Davidson 2022. Rescuing Cancer Immunity by Plasma Exchange in Metastatic Melanoma (ReCIPE-M1): protocol for a single-institution, open-label safety trial of plasma exchange to clear sPD-L1 for immunotherapy. BMJ Open, 2022. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050112. PMID: 35551087.
• Raval 2026. Bleeding Risk Is Not Increased When Initiating Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Adults Using Exclusively Albumin Replacement Fluid 2 Days After Percutaneous Kidney Biopsy. Journal of Clinical Apheresis, 2026. DOI: 10.1002/jca.70122. PMID: 42007482.
• Ciobanu 2026. Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Successful Therapeutic Plasma Exchange Treatment After SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection—A Case Report. Clinical Case Reports, 2026. DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.72725. PMID: 42158223.
• Nachtigall 2026. Neither Therapeutic Plasma Exchange nor High-Flux Hemodialysis Enhances the Removal of Chlorprothixene in Case of Intoxication despite a Drop in Plasma Levels: A Case Report. Case Reports in Nephrology and Dialysis, 2026. DOI: 10.1159/000551514. PMID: 42293341.
• Dazio 2026. Clinical response of acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis treated with therapeutic plasma exchange in four dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 2026. DOI: 10.1093/jvimsj/aalag090. PMID: 42149679.
• Anvari 2025. Separate (Asynchronous) Therapeutic Plasma Exchange (TPE) and Plasma Transfusion in the Patient with Severe TPE Complications: A Case Report. International Journal of Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Research, 2025. DOI: 10.18502/ijhoscr.v19i1.17827. PMID: 40421396.
• Yeh 2026. Case Report: Successful management of acute vincristine overdose in a cat with metastatic gastric lymphoma using therapeutic plasma exchange. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 2026. DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2026.1791728. PMID: 41971029.
• Faqihi 2020. Reverse takotsubo cardiomyopathy in fulminant COVID-19 associated with cytokine release syndrome and resolution following therapeutic plasma exchange: a case-report. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 2020. DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01665-0. PMID: 32842957.
• Maier 2025. Therapeutic plasma exchange for fibrinogen-associated hyperviscosity: results of the COVID-19 PLasma EXchange (COPLEX) randomized controlled trial. J Thromb Haemost, 2025. DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2024.12.021. PMID: 39746400.

Background References

Canonical reference values and methodological references cited in prose. Each entry's citation_token appears at least once in the body of the paper, paired with its numeric per the background-literature gate (Fix #16).