{"publication_id":"f585d82f-ef44-4c56-be90-980cfd58978a","traces":[{"claim_id":"claim_1","claim":"Across retrieved source-level receipts for metformin, which endpoints show directionally favorable versus null/non-convergent signals, and what matched PICO remains untested?","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_2","claim":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [review; 2010] doi:10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"direct_doi_match","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_3","claim":"Finding: A 31% reduction in overall summary relative risk (0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.79) was found in subjects taking metformin compared with other antidiabetic drugs.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_4","claim":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [review; 2013] doi:10.1038/ajg.2013.5","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"direct_doi_match","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_5","claim":"| Outcome family | Receipt | Evidence role | Population/setting | Metric | Extracted finding |","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_6","claim":"| outcome-specific | Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and... | directionally favorable | diabetic patients | - | A 31% reduction in overall summary relative risk (0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.79) was found in... |","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_7","claim":"| outcome-specific | Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a... | directionally favorable | patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | - | a 50% reduction in HCC incidence with metformin use |","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_8","claim":"| Outcome family | Receipt | Evidence role | Population/setting | Metric | Extracted finding |","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_9","claim":"This receipt-backed scoping note has one bounded signal: metformin shows endpoint-specific favorable signals with context limits across this 5-source primary/review bundle (2010-2022). Evidence role grouping: direction-bearing receipts: 4; null/mixed metric-scope caveat receipts: 0; context/antecedent/model receipts: 1 excluded from effect support. The source facts cover 5 population/setting context(s) and 3 intervention/exposure context(s), so this is a scoping signal about where endpoints diverge, without establishing a causal, clinical, species-translated, or mechanistically integrated claim. The listed effect sizes remain source-specific across endpoints and populations; they are not pooled or averaged. This is a heterogeneous indication/context map, not a unified disease-specific or endpoint-family claim. Concrete contrast: other/mixed: Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients: Mitochondria from the type 2 diabetic patients not treated with metformin displayed more reactive oxygen...; directionally favorable: Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus: Chronic treatment with metformin for 24 weeks improved cognitive performance, as assessed by the Wechsler....","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_10","claim":"null/non-convergent or other/mixed: the extracted fact is null, mixed, or not directionally interpretable.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_11","claim":"directionally favorable: Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis — A 31% reduction in overall summary relative risk (0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.61-0.79) was found in subjects taking metformin compared with other antidiabetic drugs.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_12","claim":"directionally favorable: Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. — a 50% reduction in HCC incidence with metformin use","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_13","claim":"Evidence role summary: direction-bearing receipts: 4; null/mixed metric-scope caveat receipts: 0; context/antecedent/model receipts: 1 excluded from effect support.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_14","claim":"Specific moderators in this bundle are outcome type (Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance; overall survival (OS)), population/indication (Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; diabetic lung cancer patients; diabetic patients; patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus; type 2 diabetic patients), study design/evidence type (primary/review). Single primary-study estimates are separated from pooled review or meta-analytic estimates rather than treated as interchangeable.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_15","claim":"Population/settings are separated as receipt context: Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic lung cancer patients, diabetic patients, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and type 2 diabetic patients. The selected receipts group because each carries a fact-level extraction for metformin; they separate by context (human clinical/observational) and endpoint, so they are not interchangeable evidence for one pooled claim.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_16","claim":"The signal is purely descriptive of source-level direction and scope; it cannot support even a weak causal or comparative-efficacy inference, and pooling across these PICOs would be inappropriate.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Metformin may produce antidepressant effects through improvement of cognitive function among depressed patients with diabetes mellitus","doi":"10.1111/1440-1681.12265","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1681.12265","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"Depressed patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised cognitive performance","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The Clinical Effect of Metformin on the Survival of Lung Cancer Patients with Diabetes: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Retrospective Studies","doi":"10.7150/jca.19750","url":"https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.19750","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic lung cancer patients","endpoint":"overall survival (OS)","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2022.102342","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"type 2 diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metformin and Cancer Risk in Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","url":"https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0157","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"diabetic patients","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Anti-diabetic medications and the risk of hepatocellular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1038/ajg.2013.5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2013.5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]}]}