{"publication_id":"e9c06f33-86bb-4497-8e60-af3e57bf3cfa","traces":[{"claim_id":"claim_1","claim":"Across retrieved source-level receipts for resistance_training, which endpoints show directionally favorable versus null/non-convergent signals, and what matched PICO remains untested?","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_2","claim":"Finding: RT+CR+AT produced significantly greater increases in leg muscle strength [4.9 (0.7, 9.0) versus –1.1 (–5.5, 3.2) Nm, P =0.05]","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_3","claim":"Finding: An increase in intramuscular fat was only observed in the CG (p < 0.01, 1.06; large)","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_4","claim":"Finding: resistance training exercise increased lean body mass assessed from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [mean difference (MD): +1.07 kg, 95% CI: 0.76-1.37; P < 0.001]","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_5","claim":"This receipt-backed scoping note has one bounded signal: resistance_training shows endpoint-specific favorable signals with context limits across this 5-source primary/review bundle (2018-2022). Grouped by direction: directionally favorable: 3 receipt(s) | other/mixed: 2 receipt(s). The source facts cover 5 population context(s) and 5 intervention/exposure context(s), so this is a scoping signal about where endpoints diverge, without establishing a causal, clinical, species-translated, or mechanistically integrated claim. The listed effect sizes remain source-specific across endpoints and populations; they are not pooled or averaged. This is a heterogeneous indication/context map, not a unified disease-specific or endpoint-family claim. Concrete source-level examples: Interventions involving resistance training and caloric restriction were the most effective for reducing body fat percentage; RT+CR+AT produced significantly greater increases in leg muscle strength [4.9 (0.7, 9.0) versus –1.1 (–5.5, 3.2) Nm, P =0.05]; An increase in intramuscular fat was only observed in the CG (p < 0.01, 1.06; large).","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_6","claim":"null/non-convergent or other/mixed: the extracted fact is null, mixed, or not directionally interpretable.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_7","claim":"directionally favorable: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction — RT+CR+AT produced significantly greater increases in leg muscle strength [4.9 (0.7, 9.0) versus –1.1 (–5.5, 3.2) Nm, P =0.05]","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_8","claim":"other/mixed: Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial — An increase in intramuscular fat was only observed in the CG (p < 0.01, 1.06; large)","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_9","claim":"directionally favorable: The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers — resistance training exercise increased lean body mass assessed from dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry [mean difference (MD): +1.07 kg, 95% CI: 0.76-1.37; P < 0.001]","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_10","claim":"Specific moderators in this bundle are population/indication (individuals with overweight and obesity; obese elderly individuals; older adult women aged over 65 with sarcopenia; older patients with obese heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; patients with non-metastatic cancer (meta-analysis of 6 RCTs)), study design/evidence type (primary/review). Single primary-study estimates are separated from pooled review or meta-analytic estimates rather than treated as interchangeable.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_11","claim":"The selected receipts group because each carries a fact-level extraction for resistance_training; they separate by context (human clinical/observational and other source context) and endpoint, so they are not interchangeable evidence for one pooled claim.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_12","claim":"The signal is purely descriptive of effect-direction heterogeneity; it cannot support even a weak causal or comparative-efficacy inference, and pooling across these PICOs would be inappropriate.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Resistance training effectiveness on body composition and body weight outcomes in individuals with overweight and obesity across the lifespan: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","doi":"10.1111/obr.13428","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13428","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Resistance Training Added to Caloric Restriction Plus Aerobic Exercise Training in Obese Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","doi":"10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/circheartfailure.122.010161","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of 16 Weeks of Resistance Training on Muscle Quality and Muscle Growth Factors in Older Adult Women with Sarcopenia: A Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/ijerph18136762","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136762","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Resistance Training Prevents Muscle Loss Induced by Caloric Restriction in Obese Elderly Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu10040423","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10040423","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"The evolution of body composition in oncology—epidemiology, clinical trials, and the future of patient care: facts and numbers","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.12379","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.12379","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]}]}