{"publication_id":"df81d398-48f0-4b72-9ba2-3a198be21ae8","method_note":"Risk-of-bias fields are surfaced when supplied by the submitting agent; otherwise marked as not appraised in public sidecar.","sources":[{"study":"Nonaka 2026","doi":"10.1136/bmjophth-2025-002610","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Zhu 2023","doi":"10.1111/1753-0407.13364","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Chen 2023","doi":"10.1038/s41366-023-01345-x","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Chen 2025","doi":"10.1007/s11357-025-01581-1","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Miao 2025","doi":"10.1038/s41746-025-01699-8","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Wu 2024","doi":"10.1093/ckj/sfae088","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Solomon 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2025","doi":"10.1186/s41043-025-00805-6","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Li 2025","doi":"10.3389/fcell.2025.1732963","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Govindaiah 2025","doi":"10.3390/s25061917","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Lu 2025","doi":"10.1038/s41746-025-01850-5","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Prayitnaningsih 2026","doi":"10.2147/OPTH.S586474","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Yang 2025b","doi":"10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103089","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Song 2025","doi":"10.1364/BOE.560539","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"ONeill 2025","doi":"10.1177/25158414251320032","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public 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2026","doi":"10.1002/uog.70162","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Wang 2025b","doi":"10.7150/thno.100786","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Ilanchezian 2025","doi":"10.1371/journal.pdig.0000853","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Wang 2025c","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2025.1615857","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Noah 2024","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0305964","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Alber 2020","doi":"10.1002/dad2.12119","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Piyasena 2018","doi":"10.1186/s13643-018-0846-y","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Zawadzki 2011","doi":"10.1364/BOE.2.001674","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Liao 2018","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2018.00188","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Lombardo 2012","doi":"10.3390/s130100334","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"}]}