{"publication_id":"d8f38608-04e9-4baf-a98a-b15cef29f955","content_hash":"sha256:8d5802dcfe9b263a6194cab28126ef484ac8a8682cdcba92653d0f4a50e195e0","nodes":[{"id":"d8f38608-04e9-4baf-a98a-b15cef29f955","type":"publication","title":"Research Synthesis: Liraglutide Biomarker Effects — full paper"},{"id":"claim_1","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-honesty note: 43/56 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims."},{"id":"claim_2","type":"claim","text":"We applied an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis with an explicit audit trail, restricting the analytic frame to direct human randomized or longitudinal evidence on liraglutide and separating it from mechanistic or cross-domain signals."},{"id":"claim_3","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-abstraction note.** The 56 retained reference papers are not 56 independent primary clinical trials: 43 are review, indirect, mechanistic, or registered-protocol source-level summaries, and 13 are classified as direct interventional evidence. Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence."},{"id":"claim_4","type":"claim","text":"This synthesis evaluates evidence on liraglutide biomarker effects across 56 included source papers and 3841 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty."},{"id":"claim_5","type":"claim","text":"The corpus contains 13 direct clinical sources, 42 adjacent, review, or context sources, and 1 mechanistic or model-system source. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence."},{"id":"claim_6","type":"claim","text":"The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation."},{"id":"claim_7","type":"claim","text":"This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance."},{"id":"claim_8","type":"claim","text":"The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof."},{"id":"claim_9","type":"claim","text":"Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection."},{"id":"claim_10","type":"claim","text":"Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints."},{"id":"claim_11","type":"claim","text":"The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific."},{"id":"claim_12","type":"claim","text":"For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint."},{"id":"claim_13","type":"claim","text":"The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge."},{"id":"claim_14","type":"claim","text":"Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; the background evidence for liraglutide biomarker effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Seino 2022, Hany 2023, Pandey 2024 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as Long 2025, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation."},{"id":"claim_15","type":"claim","text":"The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect."},{"id":"claim_16","type":"claim","text":"Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the cardiometabolic outcome class; null signals around the cardiometabolic and contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the cardiometabolic and contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation."},{"id":"claim_17","type":"claim","text":"The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty."},{"id":"claim_18","type":"claim","text":"The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support."},{"id":"claim_19","type":"claim","text":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text."},{"id":"claim_20","type":"claim","text":"Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification."},{"id":"claim_21","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, longevity, mechanism); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates."},{"id":"claim_22","type":"claim","text":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified."},{"id":"claim_23","type":"claim","text":"| Evidence domain | Source | Direction | Directness | Tier | Evidence role | Finding |"},{"id":"claim_24","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Bonga 2026: Incretin Analogues for Weight Reduction in Non-Diabetic Obese: A Review of Liraglutide, Semaglutide, and Tirzepatide Beyond Glycemic Control | direction=null | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=1 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"claim_25","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Dhippayom 2026: GLP ‐1 receptor agonists for treating obesity without diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of economic evaluations | direction=null | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=45 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"claim_26","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Dong 2025: Long-term administration of liraglutide for weight management in pediatric patients under 18 years: evidence from 7 randomized controlled trials. | direction=positive | directness=direct | A1 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=positive | finding=representative statistic P = 0.007; source-level statistic reported |"},{"id":"claim_27","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Fang 2026: Effect of liraglutide on depressive symptoms in overweight or obese patients with type 2 diabetes: protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial | direction=null | directness=direct | A1 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=6 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"claim_28","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Huang 2025: The safety and efficacy of liraglutide combined with metformin in clinical treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome patients: a meta-analysis | direction=unclear | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear | finding=representative non-significant statistic P = 0.41; not treated as positive or negative directional support unless source direction is coded |"},{"id":"claim_29","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Lu 2026b: Efficacy of liraglutide on metabolic and reproductive outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. | direction=null | directness=review | B1 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=1 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"claim_30","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Mahzari 2024: Retinopathy risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes on liraglutide | direction=mixed | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=mixed | finding=representative statistic P < 0.001; source-level statistic reported |"},{"id":"source_1","type":"source","study":"Evaluation and comparison of efficacy and safety of tirzepatide, liraglutide and SGLT2i in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1186/s12902-024-01805-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-024-01805-z","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_2","type":"source","study":"A randomized trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of once‐daily liraglutide 1.8 mg in Japanese adults with type 2 diabetes exhibiting an inadequate response to liraglutide 0.9 mg","year":2022,"doi":"10.1111/jdi.13789","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jdi.13789","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_3","type":"source","study":"Comprehensive analysis of real-world data on liraglutide treatment in patients with obesity: a multicenter national study","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s40001-025-02836-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02836-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_4","type":"source","study":"The safety and efficacy of liraglutide combined with metformin in clinical treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome patients: a meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12905-025-03787-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-025-03787-z","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_5","type":"source","study":"Boosting weight loss after conversional Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass with liraglutide and placebo use. A double-blind-randomized controlled trial","year":2023,"doi":"10.1097/JS9.0000000000000990","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/JS9.0000000000000990","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_6","type":"source","study":"Impact of liraglutide on albumin-to-creatinine ratio in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s40001-025-02801-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-025-02801-2","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_7","type":"source","study":"Liraglutide in mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a phase 2b clinical trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1038/s41591-025-04106-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-025-04106-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_8","type":"source","study":"Comparative effectiveness of semaglutide versus liraglutide, dulaglutide or tirzepatide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fphar.2025.1438318","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2025.1438318","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_9","type":"source","study":"Is liraglutide safe and effective in the elderly obese patients?: A single center experience","year":2025,"doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000042155","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000042155","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_10","type":"source","study":"Efficacy and Safety of the New Appetite Suppressant, Liraglutide: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","year":2021,"doi":"10.3803/EnM.2020.934","url":"https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.934","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_11","type":"source","study":"Insulin DEgludec/LIraglutide versus multiple daily insulin injections in the transition from hospital to outpatient management assessed by continuous glucose monitoring: the DELI transition trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s00125-025-06446-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-025-06446-y","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_12","type":"source","study":"Mental health changes after 4 months of weight loss treatment with the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogue liraglutide 3.0 mg","year":2026,"doi":"10.1111/dom.70393","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70393","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_13","type":"source","study":"Comparison of Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide, Liraglutide and Semaglutide in Patients with Obesity and Without T2D: A Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","year":2026,"doi":"10.1007/s12325-026-03523-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-026-03523-5","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_14","type":"source","study":"Effects of Liraglutide, Empagliflozin and Their Combination on Left Atrial Strain and Arterial Function","year":2024,"doi":"10.3390/medicina60030395","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina60030395","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_15","type":"source","study":"GLP-1 receptor agonists as an adjunct to bariatric surgery for weight loss and metabolic outcome improvement: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1007/s00423-025-03831-4","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00423-025-03831-4","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_16","type":"source","study":"Liraglutide and Weight Loss Among Suboptimal Responders to Metabolic Bariatric Surgery","year":2025,"doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.39848","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.39848","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_17","type":"source","study":"Efficacy of 12 months therapy with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists liraglutide and semaglutide on weight regain after bariatric surgery: a real-world retrospective observational study","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-01913-4","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-025-01913-4","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_18","type":"source","study":"Systemic and gut microbiome changes with metformin and liraglutide in youth-onset type 2 diabetes: the MIGHTY study","year":2025,"doi":"10.1080/19490976.2025.2558071","url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2025.2558071","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_19","type":"source","study":"Liraglutide and Recurrent Stroke by Baseline Insulin Resistance: A Post Hoc Analysis of the LAMP Trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1161/STROKEAHA.125.056010","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.125.056010","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_20","type":"source","study":"Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 agonists in the treatment of T2DM: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-09807-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-09807-0","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_21","type":"source","study":"Effect of liraglutide on thigh muscle fat and muscle composition in adults with overweight or obesity: Results from a randomized clinical trial","year":2024,"doi":"10.1002/jcsm.13445","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.13445","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_22","type":"source","study":"The influence of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, on dietary patterns and nutrient intakes in patients with obesity and prediabetes: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1111/dom.16395","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16395","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_23","type":"source","study":"Interleukin-1β in circulating mononuclear cells predicts steatotic liver disease improvement after weight loss in subjects with obesity and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12933-025-02706-8","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-025-02706-8","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_24","type":"source","study":"Liraglutide improves peripheral perfusion and markers of angiogenesis and inflammation in people with type 2 diabetes and peripheral artery disease: An 18‐month follow‐up of a randomized clinical trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1111/dom.16419","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16419","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_25","type":"source","study":"Combination metformin and liraglutide in PCOS: clinical efficacy in women and preclinical insights from gut microbiome modulation in rats","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1599879","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2025.1599879","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_26","type":"source","study":"Liraglutide in Acute Minor Ischemic Stroke or High-Risk Transient Ischemic Attack With Type 2 Diabetes","year":2026,"doi":"10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.5684","url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.5684","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_27","type":"source","study":"Retinopathy risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes on liraglutide","year":2024,"doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000039026","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000039026","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_28","type":"source","study":"Liraglutide Treatment Improves Glycaemic Dysregulation, Body Composition, Cardiometabolic Variables and Uncontrolled Eating Behaviour in Adolescents with Severe Obesity","year":2025,"doi":"10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2023-10-10","url":"https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2024.2023-10-10","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_29","type":"source","study":"Comparison of Glucose Control by Added Liraglutide to Only Insulin Infusion in Diabetic Patient Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Preliminary Randomized-Controlled Trial","year":2023,"doi":"10.4103/aca.aca_214_20","url":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aca.aca_214_20","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_30","type":"source","study":"Once‐Weekly Semaglutide Versus Once‐Daily Liraglutide for Weight Loss in Adults: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","year":2025,"doi":"10.1111/cts.70127","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cts.70127","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_31","type":"source","study":"GLP ‐1 receptor agonists for treating obesity without diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of economic evaluations","year":2026,"doi":"10.1111/dom.70322","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70322","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_32","type":"source","study":"Combined liraglutide and metformin therapy in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis","year":2025,"doi":"10.1111/dom.70028","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70028","population":"not 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trials","year":2025,"doi":"10.1111/dom.70298","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70298","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_35","type":"source","study":"Efficacy and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists for adolescents and children with obesity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","year":2026,"doi":"10.1186/s12902-026-02248-4","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-026-02248-4","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_36","type":"source","study":"Evaluating the effects of liraglutide, empagliflozin and linagliptin on mild cognitive impairment remission in patients with type 2 diabetes (LIGHT-MCI): study protocol for a multicentre, randomised controlled trial with an extension phase","year":2025,"doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095382","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2024-095382","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_37","type":"source","study":"Effect of liraglutide on cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trials","year":2024,"doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000037432","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000037432","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public 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