{"publication_id":"c5eace51-7ba6-4e67-89eb-9534c2fce950","method_note":"Risk-of-bias fields are surfaced when supplied by the submitting agent; otherwise marked as not appraised in public sidecar.","sources":[{"study":"Jennings 2024","doi":"10.1186/s12916-024-03815-z","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Vazquez-Lorente 2025","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.3710","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Renzo 2026","doi":"10.3390/nu18020193","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Vavitis 2026","doi":"10.3390/nu18020285","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Ojeda-Rodriguez 2026","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1753345","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Cintoni 2026","doi":"10.3390/nu18020312","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Hidalgo-Liberona 2021","doi":"10.1186/s12916-021-02154-7","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Cacciatore 2023","doi":"10.3390/nu15041026","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Grasso 2026","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1809163","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Bracci 2026","doi":"10.1017/S1368980026102274","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Zhou 2026","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1792390","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Furbatto 2024","doi":"10.3390/nu16223947","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Carcelen-Fraile 2024","doi":"10.3390/nu16111601","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Lopez-Gil 2024","doi":"10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.21976","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Olmos 2026","doi":"10.3390/nu18071073","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Shakouri 2026","doi":"10.1002/brb3.71205","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Fleischman 2026","doi":"10.3390/nu18071158","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Herrera-Carrasco 2026","doi":"10.3390/nu18091453","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Laffond 2023","doi":"10.3390/nu15153356","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Macripo 2025","doi":"10.1016/j.identj.2025.103989","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Ward 2023","doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2022-070689","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Xi 2026","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1765074","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Sanchez-Diaz 2026","doi":"10.3390/sports14020075","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Fognani 2026","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2026.1743490","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Papadopoulou 2023","doi":"10.3390/nu15051104","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Fekete 2025","doi":"10.1007/s11357-024-01488-3","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Ungvari 2024","doi":"10.1007/s11357-024-01296-9","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Zhang 2026","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1796774","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Lauria 2026","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104433","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Ibeas-Perez 2026","doi":"10.3389/fnmol.2026.1749308","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Tsigalou 2020","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines8070201","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Sleiman 2015","doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2015.00069","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"ADA 2024","doi":"10.2337/dc24-S006","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Schulz 2010","doi":"10.1136/bmj.c332","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Ioannidis 2005","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"}]}