{"publication_id":"bb33d8d3-a744-4227-8cd9-8cae11058326","traces":[{"claim_id":"claim_1","claim":"This synthesis tests the thesis that evidence for Intermittent fasting is context-dependent, separating outcome-specific signals from broader claims and identifying the evidence gaps that should bound interpretation.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_2","claim":"Evidence-honesty note: 14/19 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_3","claim":"This paper synthesizes evidence on Intermittent fasting across 19 included source papers and 1344 high-confidence extracted claims.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_4","claim":"The evidence profile contains 5 direct clinical sources, 14 adjacent, review, or context sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence, with a high-density pairwise disagreement map across the evidence base.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_5","claim":"No single positive outcome class dominates the retained corpus; null signals cluster in the cardiometabolic and contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes, and negative signals cluster in the cardiometabolic outcome class. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_6","claim":"The conclusion is that Intermittent fasting remains a bounded evidence case: the retained direct, adjacent, and context evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified broad clinical claim.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_7","claim":"This manuscript is reported as a Thin-corpus evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary `methods_pack.json` and the timestamped submission directory `synthesis-intermittent_fasting-v06-DAILY-2026-07-03T04-07-41Z`.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_8","claim":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_9","claim":"Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_10","claim":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_11","claim":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_12","claim":"| Evidence domain | Source | Direction | Directness | Tier | Evidence role | Finding |","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_13","claim":"| Cardiometabolic | Kender 2023: Six-month periodic fasting does not affect somatosensory nerve function in type 2 diabetes patients | direction=null | directness=indirect | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; 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It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_21","claim":"| Evidence domain | Corpus slice | Strongest signal | Directness | Main limitation |","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_22","claim":"| Intermittent fasting / Contextual Adjacent Evidence | n=2; claims=17 | no extracted directional signal in 2/2 sources | 1 direct; 1 indirect | limited corpus depth in this outcome class |","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_23","claim":"Direction reconciliation: receipt-level null or unclear coding is conservative claim-level coding. Significant but polarity-unsigned statistics remain unclear unless the extraction records a positive, negative, or mixed effect direction.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_24","claim":"Contextual Adjacent Evidence remains a separate Results slice for Intermittent fasting (n=2; claims=17; no extracted directional signal in 2/2 sources; 1 direct; 1 indirect; limited corpus depth in this outcome class) and is not pooled into adjacent endpoint classes. Source-level findings are:","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_25","claim":"Huang 2021 (An Intermittent Fasting Mimicking Nutrition Bar Extends Physiologic Ketosis in Time Restricted Eating: A Randomized; 16 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=direct; tier=A1).","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_26","claim":"Soliman 2022 (Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating role in dietary interventions and precision nutrition; 1 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding; outcome=Contextual Adjacent Evidence; direction=null; directness=indirect; tier=B2).","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_27","claim":"For Intermittent fasting, the final interpretation is deliberately tiered: the retained direct, adjacent, and context evidence profile defines a bounded evidence rationale, but the corpus does not support treating mechanistic target engagement, intermediate biomarkers, and patient-relevant outcomes as interchangeable evidence. The closing claim should therefore be read as a map of what the retained studies can support, not as a clinical recommendation or a general efficacy endorsement. Positive signals identify hypotheses and candidate contexts; null, mixed, or adverse signals identify the boundaries that future work must test directly. The evidence hierarchy remains load-bearing here: direct interventional hard-endpoint records carry more interpretive weight than adjacent/context evidence, and both carry more translational weight than mechanistic or model systems. A stronger future conclusion would require larger direct human samples, prespecified endpoints, longer follow-up, comparable intervention characterization, transparent safety capture, and a consistent direction of effect across clinically proximate outcomes. Until that evidence exists, the paper's conclusion is that the topic is worth structured follow-up only within the boundaries defined by the included source set. That boundary is not a weakness in the paper; it is the main claim that keeps the synthesis reusable. Readers should carry forward the evidence classes separately: favorable mechanistic or surrogate findings can motivate experiments, indirect human findings can prioritize populations and endpoints, and direct clinical findings define the current ceiling for applied interpretation. The current corpus may support Intermittent fasting as a general health or lifestyle intervention where otherwise indicated, but does not justify marketing it as a standalone longevity intervention with proven hard clinical-outcome effects. Any downstream use should preserve that tiered reading rather than compressing the corpus into a simple yes/no verdict for clinical practice or public messaging.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_28","claim":"This synthesis maps 19 included sources on Intermittent Fasting across 3 outcome classes and 72 cross-study disagreements. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad clinical-translation claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable clinical benefit.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_29","claim":"Across 19 curated reference papers, the evidence base for intermittent fasting shows a context-dependent profile. Negative signals appear in: cardiometabolic. Null findings dominate: cardiometabolic, contextual other. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The broad aging-related case for intermittent fasting as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_30","claim":"The strongest unresolved contrast is the null vs negative between Talebi 2023 and Monda 2026 on cardiometabolic (severity 4/5), which defines the boundary condition future studies must test rather than smooth over.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18091450","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Effect of a ketogenic diet, time-restricted eating, or alternate-day fasting on weight loss in adults with obesity: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-025-04182-z","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Intermittent fasting from dawn to sunset for four consecutive weeks induces anticancer serum proteome response and improves metabolic syndrome","doi":"10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73767-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18020238","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18111799","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]}]}