{"publication_id":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","content_hash":"sha256:5db37c553d82acf8252b5b7d2fcd839d4a761372771100348edaf8fb4b302726","nodes":[{"id":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","type":"publication","title":"Adjacent Evidence Brief: Liraglutide Cardiovascular Effects"},{"id":"claim_1","type":"claim","text":"Evidence scope: A subset of the retained sources is indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and is used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims. This paper synthesizes evidence on liraglutide cardiovascular effects across the retained source corpus and high-confidence extracted claim set [bundle:10]. The evidence profile separates direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence from adjacent, review, context, and mechanistic evidence, while retaining surfaced cross-study disagreements. Positive study-level signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; null signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; negative signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; mixed or heterogeneous signals are summarized in the cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, and longevity outcome classes. The paper therefore reports a source-directness and outcome-class map rather than a pooled effect. The conclusion is that liraglutide cardiovascular effects remains a bounded evidence case: the retained clinical and mechanistic evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified broad clinical claim [bundle:19]. For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation."},{"id":"claim_2","type":"claim","text":"Evidence scope: A subset of the retained sources is indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and is used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims."},{"id":"claim_3","type":"claim","text":"This paper synthesizes evidence on liraglutide cardiovascular effects across the retained source corpus and high-confidence extracted claim set [bundle:10]."},{"id":"claim_4","type":"claim","text":"The evidence profile separates direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence from adjacent, review, context, and mechanistic evidence, while retaining surfaced cross-study disagreements."},{"id":"claim_5","type":"claim","text":"Positive study-level signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; null signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; negative signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; mixed or heterogeneous signals are summarized in the cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, and longevity outcome classes. The paper therefore reports a source-directness and outcome-class map rather than a pooled effect."},{"id":"claim_6","type":"claim","text":"The conclusion is that liraglutide cardiovascular effects remains a bounded evidence case: the retained clinical and mechanistic evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified broad clinical claim [bundle:19]."},{"id":"claim_7","type":"claim","text":"For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint. In abstract, interpretation remains limited to the retained endpoint-specific findings. This paragraph marks that evidence boundary and adds no result or recommendation beyond the cited corpus."},{"id":"claim_8","type":"claim","text":"Within the retained source corpus for liraglutide cardiovascular effects, among type 2 diabetes patients, do findings for cardiometabolic and contextual adjacent evidence support a decision-grade conclusion (clinically actionable where applicable), and which population, study-design, and directness boundaries keep extrapolation to other outcome classes hypothesis-generating?"},{"id":"claim_9","type":"claim","text":"This synthesis evaluates evidence on liraglutide cardiovascular effects across 19 included source papers and 786 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty."},{"id":"claim_10","type":"claim","text":"The corpus contains 6 direct clinical sources, 12 adjacent, review, or context sources, and 1 mechanistic or model-system source. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence."},{"id":"claim_11","type":"claim","text":"The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation."},{"id":"claim_12","type":"claim","text":"This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance."},{"id":"claim_13","type":"claim","text":"The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof."},{"id":"claim_14","type":"claim","text":"Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection."},{"id":"claim_15","type":"claim","text":"Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints."},{"id":"claim_16","type":"claim","text":"The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific."},{"id":"claim_17","type":"claim","text":"The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge."},{"id":"claim_18","type":"claim","text":"The background evidence for liraglutide cardiovascular effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory."},{"id":"claim_19","type":"claim","text":"The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect."},{"id":"claim_20","type":"claim","text":"Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the cardiometabolic and contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes; null signals around the contextual adjacent evidence outcome class; and negative or adverse signals around the cardiometabolic outcome class. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation."},{"id":"claim_21","type":"claim","text":"The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty."},{"id":"claim_22","type":"claim","text":"The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support."},{"id":"claim_23","type":"claim","text":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text."},{"id":"claim_24","type":"claim","text":"A source was coded as direct only when it tested the topic itself against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population. Human evidence with an adjacent exposure, population, or outcome was coded as indirect; syntheses and secondary reviews were coded as review-level evidence and were not counted as direct sources."},{"id":"claim_25","type":"claim","text":"Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification."},{"id":"claim_26","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, longevity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates."},{"id":"claim_27","type":"claim","text":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified."},{"id":"claim_28","type":"claim","text":"| Evidence domain | Source | Direction | Directness | Tier | Evidence role | Finding |"},{"id":"claim_29","type":"claim","text":"| Animal/Preclinical Context (Contextual Adjacent Evidence) | Wu 2019: Liraglutide improves lipid metabolism by enhancing cholesterol efflux associated with ABCA1 and ERK1/2 pathway | direction=unclear | directness=animal/preclinical context | A1 | outcome=Animal/Preclinical Context (Contextual Adjacent Evidence); direction=unclear | finding=73 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"claim_30","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Mehta 2016: Liraglutide for weight management: a critical review of the evidence | direction=unclear | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=unclear | finding=11 extracted claim(s); source-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"source_1","type":"source","study":"Efficacy comparison of dapagliflozin combined with liraglutide versus monotherapy in obese patients with heart failure","year":2026,"doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000048123","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000048123","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Zhou 2026","quote":"The incidence of major cardiovascular composite endpoints in the combination group was lower than that in the monotherapy groups ( P < .05).","evidence_span":"The incidence of major cardiovascular composite endpoints in the combination group was lower than that in the monotherapy groups ( P < .05).","excerpt":"This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin combined with liraglutide versus monotherapy in obese patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). This retrospective study enrolled 360 obese patients with HFpEF, who were divided into 3 groups according to different treatment methods: the combination group (dapagliflozin + liraglutide), the dapagliflozin group, and the liraglutide group, with 120 patients in each group. The intervention duration was 24 weeks. The primary endpoints included changes in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels, 6-minute walk distance, and cardiac structural parameters. Secondary endpoints included metabolic indicators (weight, blood glucose, etc) and safety outcomes. After 24 weeks of intervention, the combination group showed a more significant decrease in B-type natriuretic peptide levels (P < .05) and a greater improvement in 6-minute walk distance (P < .05) compared with the 2 monotherapy groups. In terms of metabolic indicators, the combination group had greater weight loss (P < .05) and better blood glucose control (P < .05)."},{"id":"source_2","type":"source","study":"Effects of liraglutide vs. lifestyle changes on soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 (sST2) and galectin-3 in obese subjects with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes after comparable weight loss","year":2022,"doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01469-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01469-w","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"some_concerns","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Simeone 2022","evidence_span":"BACKGROUND: Soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 (sST2) and galectin (Gal)-3 are two biomarkers related to inflammation, metabolic disturbances and to myocardial fibrosis that characterize several cardiac pathological conditions. Increased circulating levels of these molecules have been associated with risk of cardiovascular death. Treatment with liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 analog, is associated with weight loss, improved glycemic control, and reduced cardiovascular risk. We wanted to assess (I) potential differences between subjects with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Soluble suppression of tumorigenesis-2 (sST2) and galectin (Gal)-3 are two biomarkers related to inflammation, metabolic disturbances and to myocardial fibrosis that characterize several cardiac pathological conditions. Increased circulating levels of these molecules have been associated with risk of cardiovascular death. Treatment with liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 analog, is associated with weight loss, improved glycemic control, and reduced cardiovascular risk. We wanted to assess (I) potential differences between subjects with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and healthy controls in sST2 and Gal-3 circulating levels, and their relationship with glycemic control and markers of beta cell function and myocardial injury; (II) whether liraglutide treatment modulates these markers in subjects with prediabetes or early T2DM independently of weight loss; (III) whether baseline levels of any of these two molecules may predict the response to liraglutide treatment."},{"id":"source_3","type":"source","study":"Effect of Liraglutide on Arterial Inflammation Assessed as [ 18 F]FDG Uptake in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","year":2021,"doi":"10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.012174","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.012174","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"some_concerns","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Ripa 2021","evidence_span":"BACKGROUND: The mechanism behind the cardiovascular protection observed with human GLP-1 RA (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists) in type 2 diabetes is unknown. We hypothesized that treatment with the GLP-1 RA liraglutide had a positive effect on vascular inflammation. METHODS: LIRAFLAME (Effect of liraglutide on vascular inflammation in type-2 diabetes: A randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind, parallel clinical PET/CT trial) was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial performed at a single university hospital clinic in Denmark. Patients with type 2 diabetes were via [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: The mechanism behind the cardiovascular protection observed with human GLP-1 RA (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists) in type 2 diabetes is unknown. We hypothesized that treatment with the GLP-1 RA liraglutide had a positive effect on vascular inflammation. METHODS: LIRAFLAME (Effect of liraglutide on vascular inflammation in type-2 diabetes: A randomized, placebocontrolled, double-blind, parallel clinical PET/CT trial) was a double-blind, randomized controlled trial performed at a single university hospital clinic in Denmark. Patients with type 2 diabetes were via computer-generated randomization list assigned (1:1) liraglutide up to 1.8 mg or placebo once daily for 26 weeks. The primary end point was change in vascular inflammation over 26 weeks assessed by [ 18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. Analyses were based on intention-to-treat. Key secondary outcomes included change in other indices of atherosclerosis. RESULTS: Between October 26, 2017, and August 16, 2019, 147 patients were screened and 102 were randomly assigned to liraglutide (n=51) or placebo (n=51) and 99 (97%) completed the trial."},{"id":"source_4","type":"source","study":"Metabolic Benefits vs. Cardiovascular Uncertainty: A Critical Review of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 1 Diabetes","year":2026,"doi":"10.3390/ijms27093882","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27093882","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Wojcik-Sosnowska 2026","quote":"HbA1c reductions were statistically significant but modest (0.2-0.3%), with no improvement in Time in Range.","evidence_span":"HbA1c reductions were statistically significant but modest (0.2-0.3%), with no improvement in Time in Range.","excerpt":"Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with elevated cardiovascular (CV) risk, often exacerbated by the rising prevalence of obesity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) reduce CV risk in type 2 diabetes, but their role in T1DM is less well-defined. This umbrella review synthesizes evidence from systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and Mendelian Randomization (MR) studies to evaluate the metabolic efficacy and safety of GLP-1 RAs in T1DM. Adjunctive therapy, particularly with liraglutide and exenatide, was associated with clinically meaningful weight reduction (mean difference: -4.35 kg to -5.1 kg) and lower total daily insulin doses. HbA1c reductions were statistically significant but modest (0.2-0.3%), with no improvement in Time in Range. Secondary benefits included lower systolic blood pressure. Safety data were mixed: the risk of severe hypoglycemia was not increased, whereas Time Below Range and gastrointestinal adverse events were more frequent. Evidence on diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) was inconsistent across studies."},{"id":"source_5","type":"source","study":"Assessment of cardiovascular event reduction with SGLT2 inhibitors compared to GLP-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes mellitus","year":2025,"doi":"10.6026/973206300213000","url":"https://doi.org/10.6026/973206300213000","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Vudathaneni 2025","quote":"Group A showed a lower incidence of MACE (11.3%) compared to Group B (15.3%), though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.182).","evidence_span":"Group A showed a lower incidence of MACE (11.3%) compared to Group B (15.3%), though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.182).","excerpt":"Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Antidiabetic agents, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RA) have demonstrated cardiovascular benefits, though direct comparative data are limited. This retrospective cohort study analysed records of 300 T2DM patients treated between January 2021 and December 2023 at a tertiary care centre. Patients were divided into two groups: Group A (n=150) received SGLT2i (empagliflozin or dapagliflozin), and Group B (n=150) received GLP-1 RA (liraglutide or semaglutide). Major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), including myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death, were tracked over 24 months. Group A showed a lower incidence of MACE (11.3%) compared to Group B (15.3%), though the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.182). Kaplan-Meier curves indicated slightly better event-free survival in the SGLT2i group. Haemoglobin A1c reduction was similar between the groups (1.2% vs. 1.3%, p=0."},{"id":"source_6","type":"source","study":"Effects of liraglutide on diastolic function parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease: a randomized crossover study","year":2021,"doi":"10.1186/s12933-020-01205-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01205-2","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"some_concerns","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Kumarathurai 2021","quote":"Adjusted for the concomitant increase in HR (+ 6.16 bpm [0.79 to 11.54], the changes were not significant.","evidence_span":"Adjusted for the concomitant increase in HR (+ 6.16 bpm [0.79 to 11.54], the changes were not significant.","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Diastolic dysfunction is highly prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is associated with overweight, glucose dysregulation and coronary artery disease (CAD). The GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, has shown to induce weight loss and improve metabolic factors, thus modulating factors associated with diastolic dysfunction. We have previously reported the effects of liraglutide on systolic function, and in this current study we explore the effects of liraglutide on diastolic function parameters in patients with stable CAD, preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and newly diagnosed T2DM. METHODS: Thirty subjects were randomized to liraglutide or placebo intervention for 12 + 12-weeks in this double-blind cross-over study. 2D-echocardiography using tissue velocity imaging was used for assessment of diastolic function parameters. Early diastolic filling velocity (E), late atrial filling velocity (A), E-wave deceleration time (EDT) and E/A ratio was assessed from the pulse wave (PW)-Doppler velocity recording of the mitral inflow. Peak early diastolic annular velocities (e') was measured from color tissue doppler images."},{"id":"source_7","type":"source","study":"Efficacy and safety of glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists across all health outcomes in type 2 diabetes: An umbrella review and evidence map of randomised controlled trials","year":2025,"doi":"10.1111/dom.70298","url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.70298","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Yeo 2025","quote":"GLP‐1RAs use was associated with reduced risks of heart failure (eOR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.64-0.79]; low certainty) and peripheral artery disease (0.75 [0.67-0.84]; low certainty). GLP‐1RAs were also associated with reductions in body weight (eOR, 0.46 [95% CI, 0.36-0.60]; moderate certainty) and glycated haemoglobin A1c (0.83 [0.71-0.97]; high certainty), b…","evidence_span":"GLP‐1RAs use was associated with reduced risks of heart failure (eOR, 0.71 [95% CI, 0.64-0.79]; low certainty) and peripheral artery disease (0.75 [0.67-0.84]; low certainty). GLP‐1RAs were also associated with reductions in body weight (eOR, 0.46 [95% CI, 0.36-0.60]; moderate certainty) and glycated haemoglobin A1c (0.83 [0.71-0.97]; high certainty), b…","excerpt":"AIM: Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have been established as effective treatments for type 2 diabetes, offering benefits beyond glycaemic control; however, their associations across multiple health outcomes remain insufficiently assessed. Thus, we conducted an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to comprehensively evaluate the broad spectrum of their effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Google Scholar through June 13, 2025, to identify meta-analyses of RCTs assessing the effects of GLP-1RAs on various health outcomes, including cardiovascular, renal, metabolic, oncologic, gastrointestinal and other domains. Effect sizes were recalculated using random-effects models and converted to equivalent odds ratios (eORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for consistency. The methodological quality of each review was assessed using the AMSTAR 2, and the certainty of evidence for each association was evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework (high, moderate, low or very low certainty)."},{"id":"source_8","type":"source","study":"Myocardial deformation links combined liraglutide–empagliflozin therapy with improved cardiovascular and economic outcomes in type 2 diabetes: a 6-year study","year":2026,"doi":"10.1093/ehjimp/qyag080","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjimp/qyag080","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Thymis 2026","evidence_span":"AIMS: We investigated whether the early favourable effects of combined GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) therapy in left ventricular deformation is associated with long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We also addressed the healthcare costs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 336 consecutive participants with T2DM, aged 60 ± 10 years old, 252/336 (75%) were males and were categorized into four groups: insulin, liraglutide, empagliflozin, and liraglutide+ empagliflozin. We measured at baseline and at 6 months left [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"AIMS: We investigated whether the early favourable effects of combined GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1RA) and SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) therapy in left ventricular deformation is associated with long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We also addressed the healthcare costs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 336 consecutive participants with T2DM, aged 60 ± 10 years old, 252/336 (75%) were males and were categorized into four groups: insulin, liraglutide, empagliflozin, and liraglutide+ empagliflozin. We measured at baseline and at 6 months left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS) via echocardiography. Patients were followed for 6 years and we recorded the incidence of composite endpoint of non-fatal cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, heart failure hospitalization, ischaemic stroke, and coronary revascularization). Multivariable Cox regression models were built to assess associations between treatment groups, LVGLS changes, and outcomes. A cost analysis was also conducted. At 6 months LVGLS increased significantly ( P = 0."},{"id":"source_9","type":"source","study":"Comparative cardiovascular and renal outcomes of Liraglutide versus Dulaglutide in Asian type 2 diabetes patients","year":2024,"doi":"10.1038/s41598-024-79255-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-79255-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Dai 2024","quote":"After a median follow-up of 3.8 years, the study showed a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), primarily driven by a decrease in cardiovascular mortality.","evidence_span":"After a median follow-up of 3.8 years, the study showed a reduction in major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), primarily driven by a decrease in cardiovascular mortality.","excerpt":"Given the limited head-to-head comparison of cardiovascular and renal outcomes between liraglutide and dulaglutide, our study aimed to investigate the clinical outcomes between dulaglutide and liraglutide in a real-world setting. In this new-user design, comparative and retrospective cohort study, patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with prescription for GLP-1RAs from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2022 (n = 8,278) were included. Primary outcome was composite cardiovascular outcomes which was composed of cardiovascular death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and non-fatal ischemic stroke. The composite renal outcome was also interested, including new macroalbuminuria, doubling of serum creatinine, worsening of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and progression to dialysis. A total of 3,210 subjects receiving liraglutide and 5,068 subjects receiving dulaglutide were identified. In the adjusted cohort by applying inverse probability of treatment weighting, the incidence of composite cardiovascular outcomes was 18.4 and 18.7 events per 1000 person-years in the liraglutide and dulaglutide groups, respectively."},{"id":"source_10","type":"source","study":"Pharmacometabolomic profiles in type 2 diabetic subjects treated with liraglutide or glimepiride","year":2021,"doi":"10.1186/s12933-021-01431-2","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01431-2","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"some_concerns","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Jendle 2021","evidence_span":"BACKGROUND: Treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) leads to multiple metabolic changes, reduction in glucose levels and body weight are well established. In people with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 RAs reduce the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and may also potentially represent a treatment for fatty liver disease. The mechanisms behind these effects are still not fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to investigate whether treatment with liraglutide is associated with favourable metabolic changes in cases of both CV disease and fatty liver disease. METHODS: [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) leads to multiple metabolic changes, reduction in glucose levels and body weight are well established. In people with type 2 diabetes, GLP-1 RAs reduce the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease and may also potentially represent a treatment for fatty liver disease. The mechanisms behind these effects are still not fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to investigate whether treatment with liraglutide is associated with favourable metabolic changes in cases of both CV disease and fatty liver disease. METHODS: In a prespecified post-hoc analysis of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 62 individuals with type 2 diabetes (GLP-1 RA liraglutide or glimepiride, both in combination with metformin), we evaluated the changes in plasma molecular lipids and polar metabolites after 18 weeks of treatment. The lipids and polar metabolites were measured by using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOFMS)."},{"id":"source_11","type":"source","study":"Preventive effect of liraglutide on postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing cardiac surgery: protocol for a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.1136/bmjopen-2025-110759","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2025-110759","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"protocol","cited_as":"Bai 2026","evidence_span":"INTRODUCTION: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common and serious complication after cardiac surgery, particularly in elderly patients, and is associated with adverse short- and long-term outcomes. Effective preventive strategies remain limited. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has demonstrated potential neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits, which may reduce the incidence of POD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Participants [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"INTRODUCTION: Postoperative delirium (POD) is a common and serious complication after cardiac surgery, particularly in elderly patients, and is associated with adverse short- and long-term outcomes. Effective preventive strategies remain limited. Liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, has demonstrated potential neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and metabolic benefits, which may reduce the incidence of POD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This is a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in elderly patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive liraglutide or placebo from the day before surgery until postoperative day 3. A total of 260 patients are planned to be enrolled in this study. The primary endpoint is the incidence of POD within 7 days, assessed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) or CAM-intensive care unit. Secondary outcomes include delirium severity, neurocognitive and psychological function, cardiac function, clinical outcomes, major adverse cardiovascular events within 1 year and perioperative biomarker changes."},{"id":"source_12","type":"source","study":"Real-world cardiovascular effects of liraglutide: transportability analysis of the LEADER trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1101/2025.05.12.25327466","url":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.05.12.25327466","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"some_concerns","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Josey 2025","evidence_span":"Appropriate use of recently approved type 2 diabetes treatments depends on external validity of landmark clinical trials (RCTs) in real-world populations that may differ from trial participants. This study transported effect estimates from the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results (LEADER) trial, a placebo-controlled RCT of liraglutide on cardiovascular outcomes, onto real-world cohorts within the Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system. Risk differences (RD) in survival outcomes, approximated using pseudo-observations of individual survival [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"Appropriate use of recently approved type 2 diabetes treatments depends on external validity of landmark clinical trials (RCTs) in real-world populations that may differ from trial participants. This study transported effect estimates from the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results (LEADER) trial, a placebo-controlled RCT of liraglutide on cardiovascular outcomes, onto real-world cohorts within the Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system. Risk differences (RD) in survival outcomes, approximated using pseudo-observations of individual survival probabilities, were estimated with augmented inverse probability weighting after balancing baseline characteristics between RCT and target samples using approximate balancing weights. Transported effects of liraglutide compared to placebo on major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and all-cause mortality in veterans (“VA-weighted LEADER”) were larger than, though statistically consistent with, the treatment effects observed in LEADER: MACE RD at 3 years of 4.6% [95% CI 2.2, 7.0] in VA-weighted LEADER versus 1.6% [0.3, 2.9] in LEADER; all-cause mortality RD at 3 years of 2.9% [0.8, 5."},{"id":"source_13","type":"source","study":"Repurposed Drugs and Cardiovascular Morbidity: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis.","year":2026,"doi":"10.1097/mjt.0000000000002156","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/mjt.0000000000002156","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Leah 2026","evidence_span":"BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of global mortality (19.8 million deaths in 2022; 32% of all deaths worldwide). Drug repurposing-extending approved agents beyond their original indications-has emerged as a high-impact strategy in cardiovascular prevention, offering reduced development timelines, established safety profiles, and faster implementation than de novo molecular development. STUDY QUESTION: Which repurposed cardiovascular agents demonstrate the most favorable pharmacoeconomic profiles, and how does the convergence of clinical benefit, patient risk [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of global mortality (19.8 million deaths in 2022; 32% of all deaths worldwide). Drug repurposing-extending approved agents beyond their original indications-has emerged as a high-impact strategy in cardiovascular prevention, offering reduced development timelines, established safety profiles, and faster implementation than de novo molecular development. STUDY QUESTION: Which repurposed cardiovascular agents demonstrate the most favorable pharmacoeconomic profiles, and how does the convergence of clinical benefit, patient risk stratification, and economic sustainability define the optimal hierarchy for cardiovascular prevention? STUDY DESIGN: Narrative review synthesizing evidence from 19 pivotal cardiovascular outcomes trials and European and American guidelines. No formal meta-analysis was applied. MEASURES AND OUTCOMES: For 13 agents across 8 therapeutic classes, efficacy was quantified as relative and absolute risk reductions, and as the number needed to treat or to harm."},{"id":"source_14","type":"source","study":"Effect of liraglutide on cardiac function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: randomized placebo-controlled trial","year":2019,"doi":"10.1186/s12933-019-0857-6","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0857-6","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"some_concerns","directness":"direct","cited_as":"Bizino 2019","quote":"Liraglutide reduced stroke volume (- 9 mL (- 16 to - 2)) and ejection fraction (- 3% (- 6 to - 0.1)), but did not change cardiac output (- 0.4 L/min (- 0.9 to 0.2)), cardiac index…","evidence_span":"Liraglutide reduced stroke volume (- 9 mL (- 16 to - 2)) and ejection fraction (- 3% (- 6 to - 0.1)), but did not change cardiac output (- 0.4 L/min (- 0.9 to 0.2)), cardiac index…","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Liraglutide is an antidiabetic agent with cardioprotective effect. The purpose of this study is to test efficacy of liraglutide to improve diabetic cardiomyopathy in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) without cardiovascular disease. METHODS: Patients with DM2 were randomly assigned to receive liraglutide 1.8 mg/day or placebo in this double-blind trial of 26 weeks. Primary outcome measures were LV diastolic function (early (E) and late (A) transmitral peak flow rate, E/A ratio, early deceleration peak (Edec), early peak mitral annular septal tissue velocity (Ea) and estimated LV filling pressure (E/Ea), and systolic function (stroke volume, ejection fraction, cardiac output, cardiac index and peak ejection rate) assessed with CMR. Intention-to-treat analysis of between-group differences was performed using ANCOVA. Mean estimated treatment differences (95% confidence intervals) are reported. RESULTS: 23 patients were randomized to liraglutide and 26 to placebo. As compared with placebo, liraglutide significantly reduced E (- 56 mL/s (- 91 to - 21)), E/A ratio (- 0.17 (- 0.27 to - 0.06)), Edec (- 0.9 mL/s 2 * 10 -3 (- 1.3 to - 0.2)) and E/Ea (- 1.8 (- 3."},{"id":"source_15","type":"source","study":"Effects of Liraglutide Versus Placebo on Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease","year":2018,"doi":"10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036418","url":"https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036418","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Mann 2018","evidence_span":"BACKGROUND: LEADER trial (Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of CV Outcome Results) results demonstrated cardiovascular benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high cardiovascular risk on standard of care randomized to liraglutide versus placebo. The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide on cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease is unknown. Liraglutide's treatment effects in patients with and without kidney disease were analyzed post hoc. METHODS: Patients [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: LEADER trial (Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of CV Outcome Results) results demonstrated cardiovascular benefits for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high cardiovascular risk on standard of care randomized to liraglutide versus placebo. The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide on cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease is unknown. Liraglutide's treatment effects in patients with and without kidney disease were analyzed post hoc. METHODS: Patients were randomized (1:1) to liraglutide or placebo, both in addition to standard of care. These analyses assessed outcomes stratified by baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; <60 versus ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) and baseline albuminuria. The primary outcome (composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke) and secondary outcomes, including all-cause mortality and individual components of the primary composite outcome, were analyzed using Cox regression. RESULTS: Overall, 2158 and 7182 patients had baseline eGFR <60 or ≥60 mL/min/1."},{"id":"source_16","type":"source","study":"Liraglutide improves lipid metabolism by enhancing cholesterol efflux associated with ABCA1 and ERK1/2 pathway","year":2019,"doi":"10.1186/s12933-019-0954-6","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0954-6","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Wu 2019","evidence_span":"BACKGROUND: Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is an important cardioprotective mechanism and the decrease in cholesterol efflux can result in the dyslipidemia. Although liraglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 analogue, has mainly impacted blood glucose, recent data has also suggested a beneficial effect on blood lipid. However, the exact mechanism by which liraglutide modulates lipid metabolism, especially its effect on RCT, remain undetermined. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential impacts and potential underlying mechanisms of liraglutide on the cholesterol [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is an important cardioprotective mechanism and the decrease in cholesterol efflux can result in the dyslipidemia. Although liraglutide, a glucagon like peptide-1 analogue, has mainly impacted blood glucose, recent data has also suggested a beneficial effect on blood lipid. However, the exact mechanism by which liraglutide modulates lipid metabolism, especially its effect on RCT, remain undetermined. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential impacts and potential underlying mechanisms of liraglutide on the cholesterol efflux in both db/db mice and HepG2 cells. METHODS: Six-week old db/db mice with high fat diet (HFD) and wild type mice were administered either liraglutide (200 μg/kg) or equivoluminal saline subcutaneously, twice daily for 8 weeks and body weight was measured every week. After the 8-week treatment, the blood was collected for lipid evaluation and liver was obtained from the mice for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, red O staining and Western blotting."},{"id":"source_17","type":"source","study":"Cardiovascular outcomes of liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes","year":2019,"doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000017860","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017860","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"indirect","cited_as":"Duan 2019","evidence_span":"BACKGROUND: Liraglutide is a novel, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the cardiovascular safety and benefits of liraglutide treatment on type 2 diabetes patients remain in debate. In this study, we aimed to examine the overall cardiovascular outcomes of liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Knowledge databases up to September 1st, 2017 for randomized trials in which type 2 diabetes patients were assigned to liraglutide and [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"BACKGROUND: Liraglutide is a novel, long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the cardiovascular safety and benefits of liraglutide treatment on type 2 diabetes patients remain in debate. In this study, we aimed to examine the overall cardiovascular outcomes of liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Knowledge databases up to September 1st, 2017 for randomized trials in which type 2 diabetes patients were assigned to liraglutide and placebo or other comparators groups. RESULTS: Eight studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria for inclusion and 14,608 patients were analyzed in this systematic review and meta-analysis. We found patients in the liraglutide group had a lower risk of major cardiovascular events (MACE) (RR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82-0.96, P = .002), acute myocardial infarction (AMI) (RR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74-0.99, P = .036), all-cause death (RR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74-0.96, P = .009), and cardiovascular death (RR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.65-0.91, P = .002) than all comparator groups."},{"id":"source_18","type":"source","study":"Liraglutide for weight management: a critical review of the evidence","year":2016,"doi":"10.1002/osp4.84","url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.84","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Mehta 2016","evidence_span":"OBJECTIVE: To review the efficacy, safety, and clinical applicability of liraglutide for weight management from phase III clinical trials. METHODS: A search of the English language literature was performed using PubMed search terms: \"liraglutide\", \"glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist\", and \"randomized clinical trial\". Articles and bibliographies relevant to the subject were reviewed and additional references known to the authors were included. RESULTS: Five randomized, placebo-controlled trials of liraglutide for weight management were identified. In addition to recommended diet and [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"OBJECTIVE: To review the efficacy, safety, and clinical applicability of liraglutide for weight management from phase III clinical trials. METHODS: A search of the English language literature was performed using PubMed search terms: \"liraglutide\", \"glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist\", and \"randomized clinical trial\". Articles and bibliographies relevant to the subject were reviewed and additional references known to the authors were included. RESULTS: Five randomized, placebo-controlled trials of liraglutide for weight management were identified. In addition to recommended diet and physical activity, liraglutide consistently resulted in a 4 to 6 kg weight loss, with a greater proportion of patients achieving at least 5 and 10% weight loss compared with placebo. The most common adverse effects were gastrointestinal and primarily occurred early in the treatment course. Comparative data suggest that weight loss with liraglutide is greater than that seen with orlistat or lorcaserin, but slightly less that seen with phentermine/topiramate. Liraglutide 1.8 mg was recently shown to have cardiovascular benefit in a large outcomes trial; applicability of these results for the 3."},{"id":"source_19","type":"source","study":"Liraglutide and obesity: a review of the data so far","year":2015,"doi":"10.2147/DDDT.S58459","url":"https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S58459","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review","cited_as":"Ladenheim 2015","evidence_span":"The prevalence of obesity worldwide has nearly doubled since 1980 with current estimates of 2.1 billion in 2013. Overweight and obesity lead to numerous adverse conditions including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and certain cancers. The worldwide spread of obesity and associated comorbidities not only threatens quality of life but also presents a significant economic burden. While bariatric surgery has proven to be a viable treatment option for the morbidly obese, there is clearly a need for less invasive alternatives. Recent research has suggested that long-acting analogs [excerpt truncated].","excerpt":"The prevalence of obesity worldwide has nearly doubled since 1980 with current estimates of 2.1 billion in 2013. Overweight and obesity lead to numerous adverse conditions including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and certain cancers. The worldwide spread of obesity and associated comorbidities not only threatens quality of life but also presents a significant economic burden. While bariatric surgery has proven to be a viable treatment option for the morbidly obese, there is clearly a need for less invasive alternatives. Recent research has suggested that long-acting analogs of the gut hormone, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), may have potential as an antiobesity treatment. The GLP-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide (trade name Saxenda), was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as an obesity treatment option and shown in clinical trials to be effective in reducing and sustaining body weight loss. This review presents the basis for GLP-1-based therapies with a specific focus on animal and human studies examining liraglutide's effects on food intake and body weight."}],"edges":[{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_1","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_2","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_3","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_4","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_5","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_6","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_7","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_8","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_9","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_10","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_11","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_12","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_13","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_14","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_15","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_16","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_17","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_18","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_19","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_20","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_21","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_22","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_23","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_24","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_25","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_26","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_27","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_28","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_29","type":"contains_claim"},{"from":"ae3d602f-12d6-4ef2-acd8-d49b2bc98cbe","to":"claim_30","type":"contains_claim"}],"screening":{"identified":19,"screened":19,"excluded":0,"included":19,"included_or_retained":19,"flow":["identified","screened","excluded_with_reasons","included"],"wording":"19 candidate receipts retained after source retrieval, deduplication, and topic filtering. 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