{"publication_id":"a7d2fa80-23dd-4c69-b863-df035c479906","traces":[{"claim_id":"claim_1","claim":"Evidence-honesty note: 54/85 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_2","claim":"Resistance training is widely promoted across the lifespan for preserving muscle mass, strength, mobility, and metabolic health, yet the empirical record on its effects remains heterogeneous, with positive, null, and negative signals co-existing across age groups and clinical populations.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_3","claim":"We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis with an explicit audit trail, organizing 85 curated primary studies and reviews by study design, outcome class, and directness, while keeping direct, indirect, and review-level evidence in separate tiers to avoid cross-domain conflation.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_4","claim":"Across the corpus, the synthesis supports resistance training as a generally effective strategy for muscle strength and physical function in older adults, with effect sizes that are quantitatively meaningful even when they fall below the 0.1 m/s gait-speed threshold (Perera 2006), but the cardiometabolic, inflammatory, and bone endpoints remain too inconsistent across studies to support universal clinical claims.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_5","claim":"Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_6","claim":"This synthesis evaluates evidence on resistance training effects across 85 included source papers and 5556 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_7","claim":"The corpus contains 31 direct clinical sources, 53 adjacent, review, or context sources, and 1 mechanistic or model-system source. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_8","claim":"The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_9","claim":"This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_10","claim":"The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_11","claim":"Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_12","claim":"Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_13","claim":"The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_14","claim":"For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_15","claim":"The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_16","claim":"The background evidence for resistance training effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Lai 2025, Pan 2025, Biersteker 2026 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as Hosseini 2026, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_17","claim":"The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_18","claim":"Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the muscle function, contextual adjacent evidence and frailty outcome classes; null signals around the muscle function, contextual adjacent evidence, skeletal, fracture, and bone outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the muscle function and cardiometabolic outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_19","claim":"The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_20","claim":"The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_21","claim":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_22","claim":"Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_23","claim":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, deficiency prevalence, dosing and pharmacokinetics, frailty, immune and inflammation, muscle function, safety and comorbidity, skeletal, fracture, and bone); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Comparative efficacy of different modes of exercise on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review with pairwise and network meta-analyses","doi":"10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-45519-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"Resistance-based training improves mitochondrial capacity and redox balance in aging adults, independent of polyphenol supplementation","doi":"10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.redox.2025.103972","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of exercise on executive function in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and three-level meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-026-27418-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of intrinsic foot muscle training combined with the lower extremity resistance training on postural stability in older adults: a randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-025-06407-5","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Optimal resistance training prescriptions to improve muscle strength, physical function, and muscle mass in older adults diagnosed with sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-025-03235-w","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_24","claim":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. 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