{"publication_id":"9463fc73-49d4-41ec-b5f7-3087cedcb952","method_note":"Risk-of-bias fields are surfaced when supplied by the submitting agent; otherwise marked as not appraised in public sidecar.","sources":[{"study":"Couto-Alfonso 2026","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Kibret 2025","doi":"10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Camli 2026","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1772246","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Brandhorst 2024","doi":"10.1038/s41467-024-45260-9","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Karol 2025","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-32851-9","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Lu 2025","doi":"10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Hofer 2024","doi":"10.1038/s41556-024-01468-x","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Dai 2025","doi":"10.1007/s13679-025-00645-9","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Li 2026","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1833688","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Scharf 2022","doi":"10.3390/nu14061183","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Semnani-Azad 2025","doi":"10.1136/bmj-2024-082007","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Wen 2026","doi":"10.3390/nu18071166","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Chen 2022","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2022.782282","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Qudah 2026","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1699384","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"James 2024","doi":"10.1017/cts.2024.676","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Wang 2025","doi":"10.1186/s12937-025-01178-6","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Sulaj 2025","doi":"10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102257","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Liu 2026","doi":"10.7717/peerj.21185","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Valenzano 2025","doi":"10.3390/nu17071121","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Burns 2025","doi":"10.1016/j.clnu.2025.08.004","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Knight 2024","doi":"10.1093/geroni/igae098.2622","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Couto 2025","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104132","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"James 2022","doi":"10.1093/geroni/igac059.2960","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Grant 2025","doi":"10.1101/2025.04.30.25326755","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Gabriel 2024","doi":"10.1186/s13256-024-04609-w","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Engeland 2024","doi":"10.1093/geroni/igae098.2620","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Engeland 2024b","doi":"10.1093/geroni/igae098.2621","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Studenski 2011","doi":"10.1001/jama.2010.1923","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"ADA 2024","doi":"10.2337/dc24-S006","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Bohannon 1997","doi":"10.1093/ageing/26.1.15","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Cruz-Jentoft 2019","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afy169","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Schulz 2010","doi":"10.1136/bmj.c332","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Ioannidis 2005","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"}]}