{"publication_id":"7e5ce8c6-78d4-4732-b449-7c9ff84676ce","method_note":"Risk-of-bias fields are surfaced when supplied by the submitting agent; otherwise marked as not appraised in public sidecar.","sources":[{"study":"Comparative effects of intermittent fasting and calorie restriction on cardiovascular health in adults with overweight or obesity","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-32673-9","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Calorie Restriction on Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu17121992","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Intermittent Fasting and Healthy Aging in Older Adults: A Systematic Review of Cardiometabolic, Mental Health and Cognitive Outcomes with a Network Meta-Analysis of Anthropometric Measures","doi":"10.3390/nu18091450","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Effect of intermittent Islamic fasting in management of metabolic syndrome: a randomized control trial","doi":"10.1186/s12889-025-23493-7","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Combined versus independent effects of exercise training and intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12937-023-00909-x","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Intermittent Fasting for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.1007/s13668-025-00684-7","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"The effect of intermittent fasting on insulin resistance, lipid profile, and inflammation on metabolic syndrome: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s41043-025-01039-2","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"The effects of intermittent fasting on antioxidant and inflammatory markers and liver enzymes in postmenopausal, overweight and obese women with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-86734-0","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Additional Effect of Exercise to Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Health in Adults With Overweight/obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s13679-025-00645-9","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Adjunctive effects of intermittent fasting and exercise with glibenclamide on diabetic nephropathy in rats: a potential role of the polyol pathway","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2025.1683271","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Intermittent fasting versus continuous energy restriction in MASLD: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1833688","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Intermittent fasting and a no-sugar diet for Long COVID symptoms: a randomized crossover trial","doi":"10.1038/s41598-025-07461-0","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Metabolic and Orexin-A Responses to Ketogenic Diet and Intermittent Fasting: A 12-Month Randomized Trial in Adults with Obesity","doi":"10.3390/nu18020238","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Age-Specific Analysis of the Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Markers in Healthy Adults and Individuals with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3390/nu18111799","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"A Brief Web-Based and Mobile Intervention of Intermittent Fasting With Meal Support for Weight Loss Among Adults With Overweight and Obesity in Japan: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.2196/58930","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Intermittent fasting strategies and their effects on body weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","doi":"10.1136/bmj-2024-082007","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Intermittent fasting improves hepatic end points in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1097/HC9.0000000000000212","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Cardiometabolic and molecular adaptations to 6-month intermittent fasting in middle-aged men and women with overweight: secondary outcomes of a randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1038/s41467-025-66366-8","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Intermittent fasting improves metabolic outcomes in metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis with GRADE evaluation","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1664811","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Effect of Epidemic Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2021.669325","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"The impact of intermittent fasting during weight reduction in people living with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized clinical trial","doi":"10.1038/s41430-025-01693-z","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Anthropometric Measurements, Metabolic Profile, and Hormones in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu17152436","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Intermittent Fasting May Enhance Resistance Training Effects on the Body Composition of Obese Males, Without Affecting Muscular Strength and Anabolic Index","doi":"10.1155/jobe/6409069","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"The effects of intermittent fasting on BMI, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure in women with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis with dose–response relationships","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1818813","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Optimal dosage of exercise combined with intermittent fasting for body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults: a systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1772836","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Comprehensive impact of Intermittent Hypoxia Training and Intermittent Fasting on metabolic and cognitive health in adults with obesity: an umbrella systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1664600","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Effects of 4:3 Intermittent Fasting on Eating Behaviors and Appetite Hormones: A Secondary Analysis of a 12-Month Behavioral Weight Loss Intervention","doi":"10.3390/nu17142385","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"The Effectiveness of Time-Restricted Eating as an Intermittent Fasting Approach on Shift Workers’ Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu17101689","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"The Effects of Intermittent Fasting and Continuous Energy Restriction with Exercise on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers, Dietary Compliance, and Perceived Hunger and Mood: Secondary Outcomes of a Randomised, Controlled Trial","doi":"10.3390/nu14153071","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"The effects of intermittent fasting on anthropometric indices, glycemic profile, chemotherapy-related toxicity, and subjective perception in gynecological and breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12885-025-13806-9","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Safety and efficacy of intermittent fasting with or without exercise in people living with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes—The INTERFAST ‐3 study design","doi":"10.1111/dme.70328","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Efficacy of Intermittent Fasting in the Management of Chronic Plaque Psoriasis: A Phase IIb Clinical Trial","doi":"10.4103/idoj.idoj_635_24","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Effects of intermittent fasting on HbA1c and weight in insulin versus oral hypoglycemic therapy-treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1699384","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Vitamin D supplementation and its impact on leptin and interleukin-6 in women following religious intermittent fasting: a controlled study","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1700844","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Evaluation of Mobile Intermittent Fasting Applications in Chinese App Stores: Quality Evaluations and Content Analysis","doi":"10.2196/66339","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Intermittent Fasting Protects Against the Progression from Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease","doi":"10.3390/antiox14010119","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Conversion Bariatric Surgery, Ketogenic Diet, and Intermittent Fasting in Bariatric Surgery Patients with Recurrent Weight Gain: a Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial","doi":"10.1007/s11695-026-08654-w","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Male and Female Reproductive Hormones, Fertility, and Sexual Function: A Comprehensive Review with Emphasis on the Existing Evidence Gap in Women","doi":"10.3390/nu18111817","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"The Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Inflammatory Markers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Pairwise and Network Meta-Analyses","doi":"10.3390/nu17152388","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Stable cognitive performance while adapting to intermittent fasting: A randomised controlled trial","doi":"10.1177/13591053251351204","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Hepatic lipidomics analysis reveals the anti-obesity effects of insoluble dietary fiber from okara combined with intermittent fasting treatment in high-fat diet-fed mice","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2025.1549105","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Intermittent Fasting During Pregnancy and Neonatal Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","doi":"10.3390/nu17223546","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"The impact of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic outcomes in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","doi":"10.1186/s12937-025-01178-6","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Intermittent Fasting Regimes Reduce Gingival Inflammation: A Three‐Arm Clinical Trial","doi":"10.1111/jcpe.14151","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Impact of intermittent fasting on sleep physiology: A prospective observational study using smartwatch technology","doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000043800","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"The effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1111/dom.15730","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Effect of Carbohydrate-Restricted Diets and Intermittent Fasting on Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Hypertension Management: Consensus Statement of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity, Korean Diabetes Association, and Korean Society of Hypertension","doi":"10.4093/dmj.2022.0038","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Effects of intermittent fasting combined with physical exercise on cardiometabolic outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies.","doi":"10.1093/nutrit/nuad155","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Effect of intermittent fasting on obesity and metabolic indices in patients with metabolic syndrome: a systematic review and meta analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-01952-x","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Intermittent fasting for rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of conflicting evidence from observational studies and randomized controlled trials","doi":"10.7717/peerj.21185","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Influence of Intermittent Fasting on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and the Orexinergic System in Postmenopausal Women: A Pilot Study","doi":"10.3390/nu17071121","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"The effects of intermittent fasting diet on quality of life, clinical symptoms, inflammation, and oxidative stress in overweight and obese postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s13063-024-07977-2","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Intermittent fasting and neurocognitive disorders: What the evidence shows","doi":"10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100480","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Rationale and protocol for a randomized parallel intervention trial of two intermittent fasting approaches in patients with type 2 diabetes","doi":"10.1016/j.cct.2025.108118","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Longer-term effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and cardiometabolic health in adults with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","doi":"10.1111/obr.13855","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Intermittent fasting and neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease: metabolic mechanisms, cellular signaling, and brain-peripheral crosstalk","doi":"10.3389/fnut.2026.1839995","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Impact of Intermittent Fasting on Gut Barrier Function and Inflammation","doi":"10.64149/j.carcinog.24.10s.2833","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"The impact of intermittent fasting and Mediterranean diet on older adults' physical health and quality of life: A randomized clinical trial.","doi":"10.1016/j.numecd.2025.104132","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Intermittent fasting and liver disease: Insights from the Ramadan model","doi":"10.4103/sjg.sjg_120_25","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Pilot Study of Novel Intermittent Fasting Effects on Metabolomic and Trimethylamine N -oxide Changes During 24-hour Water-Only Fasting in the FEELGOOD Trial","doi":"10.3390/nu11020246","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Anisimov 2008","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Ioannidis 2005","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"}]}