{"publication_id":"67cf5fb4-7f00-4a8d-a4d3-c4dec0ac54b5","traces":[{"claim_id":"claim_1","claim":"Evidence-honesty note: 36/41 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of 5-Year Exercise Training on Cognition in Older Adults: 10-Years Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afag168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag168","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_2","claim":"This paper synthesizes evidence on exercise cognition effects across 41 included source papers and 1801 high-confidence extracted claims.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of 5-Year Exercise Training on Cognition in Older Adults: 10-Years Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afag168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag168","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_3","claim":"The evidence profile contains 5 direct clinical sources, 36 adjacent clinical sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence, with a high-density pairwise disagreement map across the evidence base.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of 5-Year Exercise Training on Cognition in Older Adults: 10-Years Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afag168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag168","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_4","claim":"Positive study-level signals are summarized in the dosing and pharmacokinetics outcome class; null signals are summarized in the cognitive and safety and comorbidity outcome classes; negative signals are not the dominant direction in any outcome class; mixed or heterogeneous signals are summarized in the contextual adjacent evidence, muscle function, cardiometabolic, deficiency prevalence, frailty, and immune and inflammation outcome classes. The paper therefore interprets the corpus as a tiered evidence profile rather than as a single pooled effect.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of 5-Year Exercise Training on Cognition in Older Adults: 10-Years Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afag168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag168","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_5","claim":"The conclusion is that exercise cognition effects should be treated as a bounded geroscience hypothesis: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines the scope for targeted testing, while mixed and null findings limit any unqualified anti-aging claim.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of 5-Year Exercise Training on Cognition in Older Adults: 10-Years Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afag168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag168","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_6","claim":"For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of 5-Year Exercise Training on Cognition in Older Adults: 10-Years Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afag168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag168","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_7","claim":"This synthesis evaluates evidence on exercise cognition effects across 41 included source papers and 1801 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, indirect interventional hard-endpoint evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of 5-Year Exercise Training on Cognition in Older Adults: 10-Years Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afag168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag168","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_8","claim":"The corpus contains 5 direct clinical sources, 36 adjacent clinical sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of 5-Year Exercise Training on Cognition in Older Adults: 10-Years Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afag168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag168","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_9","claim":"The thesis is: Across 41 curated reference papers, the evidence base for exercise cognition effects shows a context-dependent profile. Positive signals appear in: contextual other, muscle function. Negative signals appear in: cardiometabolic. Null findings dominate: contextual other, cognitive. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The exercise cognition effects anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established. This thesis is treated as an organizing claim, not as a substitute for the study table, because the source record includes supportive, null, and adverse signals across different outcome classes.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of 5-Year Exercise Training on Cognition in Older Adults: 10-Years Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afag168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag168","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_10","claim":"This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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Direct clinical sources such as Tan 2023, Khan 2026, Leischik 2021 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as the retained evidence base, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. A Generation 100 Substudy","doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2021.742587","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"Effects of 5-Year Exercise Training on Cognition in Older Adults: 10-Years Follow-Up from the Generation 100 Study","doi":"10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-025-00956-0","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Efficacy of traditional Chinese exercises on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afag168","url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afag168","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_18","claim":"The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Effects of multimodal agility-like exercise training compared to inactive controls and alternative training on physical performance in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s11556-021-00256-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The benefits of regular aerobic exercise training on cerebrovascular function and cognition in older adults","doi":"10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-023-05154-y","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"5 Years of Exercise Intervention Did Not Benefit Cognition Compared to the Physical Activity Guidelines in Older Adults, but Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness Did. 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Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. 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