{"publication_id":"62637e62-c4f7-4093-85a4-d608a73edbf5","traces":[{"claim_id":"claim_1","claim":"Across 5 independently cited sources, the evidence converges on one bounded claim: rapamycin extends lifespan / reduces mortality in mice across diverse stocks, ages, and dosing regimens. Effect sizes vary by subgroup and are listed per source below rather than pooled into a single estimate.","candidate_sources":[{"study":"The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway as a Target of Anti-aging Therapies: The Role of Rapamycin and Its Analogs in the Regulation of Cellular Processes and Their Impact on Longevity.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.98514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41497909/"},{"study":"Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice","doi":"10.7554/eLife.16351","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27549339/"},{"study":"Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist, an antioxidant, an α‐glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2‐inducer","doi":"10.1111/acel.12496","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27312235/"},{"study":"Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction","doi":"10.1111/acel.12194","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24472261/"},{"study":"Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice","doi":"10.1038/nature08221","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19587680/"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_2","claim":"Interpretation note:** This is a hypothesis-generating alpha memo, not confirmatory evidence; subgroup or context-derived claims require independent replication.","candidate_sources":[{"study":"The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway as a Target of Anti-aging Therapies: The Role of Rapamycin and Its Analogs in the Regulation of Cellular Processes and Their Impact on Longevity.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.98514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41497909/"},{"study":"Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice","doi":"10.7554/eLife.16351","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27549339/"},{"study":"Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist, an antioxidant, an α‐glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2‐inducer","doi":"10.1111/acel.12496","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27312235/"},{"study":"Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction","doi":"10.1111/acel.12194","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24472261/"},{"study":"Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice","doi":"10.1038/nature08221","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19587680/"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_3","claim":"Real tension: the interesting signal is where the evidence stops generalizing — the memo is not a broad topic summary but a testable boundary condition.","candidate_sources":[{"study":"The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway as a Target of Anti-aging Therapies: The Role of Rapamycin and Its Analogs in the Regulation of Cellular Processes and Their Impact on Longevity.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.98514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41497909/"},{"study":"Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice","doi":"10.7554/eLife.16351","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27549339/"},{"study":"Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist, an antioxidant, an α‐glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2‐inducer","doi":"10.1111/acel.12496","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27312235/"},{"study":"Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction","doi":"10.1111/acel.12194","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24472261/"},{"study":"Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice","doi":"10.1038/nature08221","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19587680/"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_4","claim":"Bounded research question:** Does the cited receipt bundle still support this bounded claim when population, endpoint, comparator, and time window are aligned?","candidate_sources":[{"study":"The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway as a Target of Anti-aging Therapies: The Role of Rapamycin and Its Analogs in the Regulation of Cellular Processes and Their Impact on Longevity.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.98514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41497909/"},{"study":"Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice","doi":"10.7554/eLife.16351","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27549339/"},{"study":"Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist, an antioxidant, an α‐glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2‐inducer","doi":"10.1111/acel.12496","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27312235/"},{"study":"Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction","doi":"10.1111/acel.12194","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24472261/"},{"study":"Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice","doi":"10.1038/nature08221","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19587680/"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_5","claim":"`fact_id=166319` (`A_core`) — Metformin (0.1%) combined with rapamycin (14 ppm) robustly extended lifespan, suggestive of an added benefit. doi=10.1111/acel.12496","candidate_sources":[{"study":"The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway as a Target of Anti-aging Therapies: The Role of Rapamycin and Its Analogs in the Regulation of Cellular Processes and Their Impact on Longevity.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.98514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41497909/"},{"study":"Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice","doi":"10.7554/eLife.16351","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27549339/"},{"study":"Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist, an antioxidant, an α‐glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2‐inducer","doi":"10.1111/acel.12496","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27312235/"},{"study":"Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction","doi":"10.1111/acel.12194","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24472261/"},{"study":"Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice","doi":"10.1038/nature08221","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19587680/"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_6","claim":"_Boundary evidence only; these receipts broaden source context but do not independently prove the lead claim._","candidate_sources":[{"study":"The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway as a Target of Anti-aging Therapies: The Role of Rapamycin and Its Analogs in the Regulation of Cellular Processes and Their Impact on Longevity.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.98514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41497909/"},{"study":"Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice","doi":"10.7554/eLife.16351","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27549339/"},{"study":"Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist, an antioxidant, an α‐glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2‐inducer","doi":"10.1111/acel.12496","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27312235/"},{"study":"Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction","doi":"10.1111/acel.12194","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24472261/"},{"study":"Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice","doi":"10.1038/nature08221","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19587680/"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_7","claim":"_No direct opposing receipt was selected by this run. Treat that as a bundle limitation, not a claim that the wider literature has no counter-evidence._","candidate_sources":[{"study":"The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Pathway as a Target of Anti-aging Therapies: The Role of Rapamycin and Its Analogs in the Regulation of Cellular Processes and Their Impact on Longevity.","doi":"10.7759/cureus.98514","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41497909/"},{"study":"Transient rapamycin treatment can increase lifespan and healthspan in middle-aged mice","doi":"10.7554/eLife.16351","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27549339/"},{"study":"Longer lifespan in male mice treated with a weakly estrogenic agonist, an antioxidant, an α‐glucosidase inhibitor or a Nrf2‐inducer","doi":"10.1111/acel.12496","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27312235/"},{"study":"Rapamycin-mediated lifespan increase in mice is dose and sex dependent and metabolically distinct from dietary restriction","doi":"10.1111/acel.12194","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24472261/"},{"study":"Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice","doi":"10.1038/nature08221","url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19587680/"}]}]}