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Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011;305(1):50-58._ DOI: 10.1001/jama.2010.1923. PMID: 21205966.","doi":"10.1001/jama.2010.1923","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"**Cruz-Jentoft 2019.** _Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31._ DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afy169. PMID: 30312372.","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afy169","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"**Cesari 2009.** _Cesari M, Kritchevsky SB, Newman AB, et al. Added value of physical performance measures in predicting adverse health-related events. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2009;64(7):772-779._ DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glp012. PMID: 19349594.","doi":"10.1093/gerona/glp012","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"**Perera 2006.** _Perera S, Mody SH, Woodman RC, Studenski SA. Meaningful change and responsiveness in common physical performance measures in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006;54(5):743-749._ DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00701.x. PMID: 16696738.","doi":"10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00701.x","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"**Schulz 2010.** _Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 Statement: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ. 2010;340:c332._ DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c332.","doi":"10.1136/bmj.c332","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"**Ioannidis 2005.** _Ioannidis JPA. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med. 2005;2(8):e124._ DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124. PMID: 16060722.","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"**ADA 2024.** _American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(Suppl 1)._ DOI: 10.2337/dc24-S006.","doi":"10.2337/dc24-s006","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"**Owen 2000.** _Owen MR, Doran E, Halestrap AP. Evidence that metformin exerts its anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of complex 1 of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Biochem J. 2000;348 Pt 3:607-614._ PMID: 10839993.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. 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