{"publication_id":"2b3d1eb0-8efe-4468-b234-8a534f83b06b","method_note":"Risk-of-bias fields are surfaced when supplied by the submitting agent; otherwise marked as not appraised in public sidecar.","sources":[{"study":"Weight Loss Efficacy of Tirzepatide Compared to Placebo or GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Adults With Obesity or Overweight: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials With ≥ 20 Weeks Treatment Duration","doi":"10.1155/jobe/3442754","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Time-dependent effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on cardiovascular benefits: a real-world study","doi":"10.1186/s12933-023-01800-z","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Real-world cardiovascular effectiveness of sustained glucagon-like peptide 1 GLP-1 receptor agonist usage in type 2 diabetes","doi":"10.1186/s12933-025-02915-1","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Effectiveness of a hybrid approach in integrating GLP-1 agonists and lifestyle guidance for obesity and pre-diabetes management: RWE retrospective study","doi":"10.1016/j.metop.2024.100283","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality under treatment with GLP-1 RAs or the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in overweight or obese adults without diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1177/17562864241281903","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"GLP-1 receptor agonists and cardiorenal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis of eight CVOTs","doi":"10.1186/s12933-021-01366-8","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Association of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists with cardiac arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","doi":"10.1186/s13098-022-00970-2","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"The effect of DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors on cardiorenal outcomes: a network meta-analysis of 23 CVOTs","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01474-z","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"SGLT2 inhibitors versus GLP-1 receptor agonists for major adverse cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","doi":"10.1186/s12872-025-05455-4","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Impact of changes in conventional risk factors induced by once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist exenatide on cardiovascular outcomes: an EXSCEL post hoc analysis","doi":"10.1186/s12933-025-02866-7","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Absolute treatment effects of novel antidiabetic drugs on a composite renal outcome: meta-analysis of digitalized individual patient data","doi":"10.1007/s40620-023-01858-8","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Potential Roles of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RAs) in Nondiabetic Populations","doi":"10.1155/2022/6820377","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Population pharmacokinetics of the GIP/GLP receptor agonist tirzepatide","doi":"10.1002/psp4.13099","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Effectiveness and safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists versus SGLT-2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes: an Italian cohort study","doi":"10.1186/s12933-022-01572-y","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"The Impact of Web-Based Continuing Medical Education Using Patient Simulation on Real-World Treatment Selection in Type 2 Diabetes: Retrospective Case-Control Analysis","doi":"10.2196/48586","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"HbA 1c Change and Diabetic Retinopathy During GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Cardiovascular Outcome Trials: A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression","doi":"10.2337/dc20-1815","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Real-World Use of GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Liraglutide in Adolescents with Obesity: A First Longitudinal Single-Center Analysis from Switzerland †","doi":"10.3390/children12121716","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"The multifaceted effects of semaglutide: exploring its broad therapeutic applications","doi":"10.1080/20565623.2025.2483607","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"GLP-1 receptor agonists in stroke prevention: a narrative review on emerging therapeutic frontiers","doi":"10.1080/07853890.2026.2660386","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"GLP-1 receptor agonist-associated tumor adverse events: A real-world study from 2004 to 2021 based on FAERS","doi":"10.3389/fphar.2022.925377","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Risk of stroke and retinopathy during GLP-1 receptor agonist cardiovascular outcome trials: An eight RCTs meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2022.1007980","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Comparison of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists vs. placebo on any cardiovascular events in overweight or obese non-diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2024.1453297","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Association of semaglutide with reduced incidence and relapse of cannabis use disorder in real-world populations: a retrospective cohort study","doi":"10.1038/s41380-024-02498-5","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"12608 Preserving Lean Body Mass During Weight Loss In Elderly Obese Patients With Glp-1 Receptor Agonist Treatment","doi":"10.1210/jendso/bvae163.019","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Cost-effectiveness of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for patients with high cardiovascular risk and type 2 diabetes in Canada","doi":"10.1503/cmaj.250591","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events after glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist initiation in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and type 2 diabetes: A population-based study","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0308533","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"GLP-1 receptor agonist–induced diabetic ketoacidosis: A case report","doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000039799","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"MON-701 A case which GLP 1 receptor agonist semaglutide enabled the management of both obesity and diabetes mellitus, suggesting the potential for diabetes remission","doi":"10.1210/jendso/bvaf149.039","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"GLP-1 receptor agonist as an effective treatment for breast cancer-related lymphedema: a case report","doi":"10.3389/fonc.2024.1392375","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Heterogeneity amongst GLP-1 RA cardiovascular outcome trials results: can definition of established cardiovascular disease be the missing link?","doi":"10.1186/s13098-021-00698-5","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Risk of major adverse cardiovascular events and stroke associated with treatment with GLP-1 or the dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide for type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.1177/23969873241234238","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists modestly reduced blood pressure among patients with and without diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis and meta-regression","doi":"10.1101/2024.01.29.24301971","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Monitoring the Comparative Safety of SGLT2i vs GLP-1 RA in Older Adults With Type 2 Diabetes by Frailty Status","doi":"10.1093/geroni/igab046.803","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"A Nationwide Danish Comparative Effectiveness Study of GLP‐1 RA, SGLT2i and DPP‐4i Treatment on Risk of Stroke, Myocardial Infarction and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes","doi":"10.1002/edm2.70165","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Impact of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Dual/Triple Incretin Therapies on Cardiometabolic Outcomes Beyond Glycemic Control: Evidence from Recent Randomized Trials","doi":"10.47363/jdrr/2026(8)211","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Unmasking an insulinoma: recurrent Hypoglycemia in a young patient following GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy —A case report","doi":"10.1093/omcr/omaf283","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Integrating GLP-1 Receptor Agonists into Modern Stroke Prevention: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Consideration—A Narrative Review","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines14040743","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Employing an Artificial Intelligence Platform to Enhance Treatment Responses to GLP-1 Agonists by Utilizing Metabolic Variability Signatures Based on the Constrained Disorder Principle","doi":"10.3390/biomedicines13112645","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Addressing patient concerns about the ‘newness’ and long-term safety of GLP-1 receptor agonists: A clinician’s guide to counseling","doi":"10.1016/j.ajpc.2026.101418","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Potential application of mono-, dual-, and triple-target GLP-1 receptor agonists in improving the prognosis of patients with diabetic foot ulcers","doi":"10.3389/fendo.2025.1754925","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"GLP-1/GIP dual agonist tirzepatide in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: mechanisms, evidence, and clinical perspectives","doi":"10.3389/fmed.2026.1752341","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"New developments in GLP-1 agonist therapy for gestational diabetes: Systematic review on liraglutide, semaglutide, and exenatide from ClinicalTrials.gov","doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000044917","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Diabetes Mellitus and Stroke: Pathophysiological Connections and Therapeutic Potential of GLP-1 and GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonists","doi":"10.3390/pharmaceutics18050620","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Worldwide inertia to the use of cardiorenal protective glucose-lowering drugs (SGLT2i and GLP-1 RA) in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes","doi":"10.1186/s12933-020-01154-w","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"The Effect of Oral Semaglutide on Bone Turnover in Patients With T2D: a Randomized Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"GLP-1 receptor agonist-based therapies and cardiovascular risk: a review of mechanisms","doi":"10.1530/JOE-24-0046","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"GLP-1 RAs in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"The Effect of Semaglutide on Bone Turnover in Patients With Increased Risk of Bone Fracture","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Asian Subpopulations May Exhibit Greater Cardiovascular Benefit from Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists: A Meta-Analysis of Cardiovascular Outcome Trials","doi":"10.4093/dmj.2018.0070","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Randomisation to Endobarrier Alone Versus With Incretin Analogue in SustainEd Diabesity (REVISE-Diabesity)","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"The incretin pathway as a therapeutic target in diabetic kidney disease: a clinical focus on GLP-1 receptor agonists","doi":"10.1177/2042018819865398","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Inflammation Meets Metabolic Disease: Gut Feeling Mediated by GLP-1","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2016.00154","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Randomisation to Endobarrier Alone 2017","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"PCOS 2022","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Effect of Oral Semaglutide 2026","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Effect of Semaglutide on Bone 2022","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Studenski 2011","doi":"10.1001/jama.2010.1923","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"WHO 2000","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Cruz-Jentoft 2019","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afy169","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Ioannidis 2005","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"}]}