{"publication_id":"29128105-c2a4-458c-82fa-0e4185e828f9","content_hash":"sha256:d7cde6e14c1dca2cffc3ea51e7f2d6358fe9f5452951bbbcc337f12ffd3af167","nodes":[{"id":"29128105-c2a4-458c-82fa-0e4185e828f9","type":"publication","title":"Research Synthesis: Tai Chi Exercise Effects — full paper"},{"id":"claim_1","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-honesty note: 35/46 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims."},{"id":"claim_2","type":"claim","text":"Tai chi is widely promoted as a low-impact mind-body exercise for older adults, yet its purported benefits span heterogeneous cardiometabolic, skeletal, cognitive, and psychological endpoints, and the strength of supporting human evidence varies sharply across these domains."},{"id":"claim_3","type":"claim","text":"We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis, mapping 46 curated primary studies and reviews onto standardized outcome categories, with each claim auditable back to a coded source rather than pooled narratively."},{"id":"claim_4","type":"claim","text":"Three explicit within-corpus contradictions recur: Yin 2023 (negative direction on hypertensive outcomes) versus Li 2021 (positive direction on cerebrovascular indices); Hao 2019 versus Yang 2021 (mixed direction on knee-related strength); and Hu 2021 (positive on osteoarthritis pain) versus Kuang 2024, Lin 2024, and Lei 2022 (null on anxiety, falls, and motor function), each of which should temper any single-domain enthusiasm."},{"id":"claim_5","type":"claim","text":"Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence."},{"id":"claim_6","type":"claim","text":"This synthesis evaluates evidence on tai chi exercise effects across 46 included source papers and 1561 high-confidence extracted claims. The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty."},{"id":"claim_7","type":"claim","text":"The corpus contains 11 direct clinical sources, 35 adjacent, review, or context sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence."},{"id":"claim_8","type":"claim","text":"The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation."},{"id":"claim_9","type":"claim","text":"This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance."},{"id":"claim_10","type":"claim","text":"The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof."},{"id":"claim_11","type":"claim","text":"Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection."},{"id":"claim_12","type":"claim","text":"Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints."},{"id":"claim_13","type":"claim","text":"The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific."},{"id":"claim_14","type":"claim","text":"For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint."},{"id":"claim_15","type":"claim","text":"The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge."},{"id":"claim_16","type":"claim","text":"The background evidence for tai chi exercise effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Chen 2025, Lyu 2026, Niu 2023 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as the retained evidence base, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation."},{"id":"claim_17","type":"claim","text":"The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect."},{"id":"claim_18","type":"claim","text":"Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the cardiometabolic and contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes; null signals around the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic, safety and comorbidity outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the cardiometabolic and muscle function outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation."},{"id":"claim_19","type":"claim","text":"The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty."},{"id":"claim_20","type":"claim","text":"The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support."},{"id":"claim_21","type":"claim","text":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text."},{"id":"claim_22","type":"claim","text":"Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification."},{"id":"claim_23","type":"claim","text":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, muscle function, safety and comorbidity, skeletal, fracture, and bone); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates."},{"id":"claim_24","type":"claim","text":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified."},{"id":"claim_25","type":"claim","text":"Topic-fit rationale: Sources are retained only when they operationalize tai chi exercise effects directly or provide adjacent/contextual boundary evidence for the same construct. 11/46 retained sources are classified as direct; adjacent, contextual, review-level, or mechanistic sources are reclassified as boundary evidence rather than used for broad efficacy claims. Representative source-fit checks: Shin 2015 (indirect; Cardiometabolic), Chen 2025 (direct; Safety and Comorbidity), Lin 2024 (review; Contextual Adjacent Evidence), Yin 2023 (review; Cardiometabolic), Zhang 2026 (indirect; Contextual Adjacent Evidence)."},{"id":"claim_26","type":"claim","text":"Findings Map accounting note: each outcome-class n, direction count, directness count, and source roster is computed from the same source-level rows listed in the detailed table. Receipt-level direction is not a statement that the source abstracts lack directional statistics; it is the conservative coded polarity used for synthesis accounting. Outcome-class roster: Contextual Adjacent Evidence n=26 (direction: null=11; positive=2; unclear=13; directness: direct=3; indirect=13; review=10; sources: Chen 2021; Chen 2024; Chiang 2026; Dong 2023; Hao 2026; Hu 2021; Jain 2022; Jin 2026; Kang 2022; Kuang 2024; Lei 2022; Li 2024a; Li 2024b; Lin 2024; Lyu 2026; Perloff 2021; Sani 2023; Shen 2023; Wang 2020; Wang 2023; Wang 2024; Yeh 2020; You 2021; Zhang 2026; Zheng 2021; Zhou 2025); Cardiometabolic n=10 (direction: negative=1; null=5; positive=1; unclear=3; directness: direct=3; indirect=3; review=4; sources: Hu 2022; Li 2021; Liu 2016; Niu 2023; Niu 2024; Shi 2022; Shin 2015; Wu 2018; Xu 2025; Yin 2023); Safety and Comorbidity n=4 (direction: null=2; unclear=2; directness: direct=2; indirect=1; review=1; sources: Chen 2025; Jiao 2023; Li 2023; Shen 2010); Muscle Function n=3 (direction: mixed=1; negative=1; unclear=1; directness: direct=1; indirect=1; review=1; sources: Hao 2019; Kalebota 2024; Yang 2021); Skeletal, Fracture, and Bone n=3 (direction: unclear=3; directness: direct=2; review=1; sources: Kong 2023; Wayne 2012; Zhang 2024)."},{"id":"claim_27","type":"claim","text":"Tension-accounting note: disagreement counts are claim-level. Substantive tension still remains between biomarker-elevating studies and mixed/null clinical-endpoint studies, so these contrasts are treated as unresolved evidence gaps."},{"id":"claim_28","type":"claim","text":"| Evidence domain | Source | Direction | Directness | Tier | Evidence role | Finding |"},{"id":"claim_29","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Hu 2022: Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Balance Function in Stroke Patients: An Overview of Systematic Review | direction=null | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=1 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"claim_30","type":"claim","text":"| Cardiometabolic | Liu 2016: Comparative effects of Yi Jin Jing versus Tai Chi exercise training on benign prostatic hyperplasia-related outcomes in older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial | direction=null | directness=direct | A1 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=22 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding |"},{"id":"source_1","type":"source","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","year":2025,"doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_2","type":"source","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_3","type":"source","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_4","type":"source","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_5","type":"source","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_6","type":"source","study":"Comparing the Effects of Bafa Wubu Tai Chi and Traditional He-Style Tai Chi Exercises on Physical Health Risk Factors in Overweight Male College Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial","year":2023,"doi":"10.3390/ijerph20146323","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20146323","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_7","type":"source","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves age‐associated decline in cerebrovascular function: a cross‐sectional study","year":2021,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-021-02196-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02196-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_8","type":"source","study":"Effects of Bafa Wubu and He-Style Tai Chi exercise training on physical fitness of overweight male university students: A randomized controlled trial","year":2024,"doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0297117","url":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297117","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_9","type":"source","study":"Effect of Tai Chi exercise on bone health and fall prevention in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.1186/s13018-024-04962-y","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-024-04962-y","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_10","type":"source","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on motor function in patients with Parkinson's disease: A network meta-analysis","year":2022,"doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2022.936027","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2022.936027","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_11","type":"source","study":"Meta-Analysis of Elderly Lower Body Strength: Different Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on the Knee Joint-Related Muscle Groups","year":2021,"doi":"10.1155/2021/8628182","url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8628182","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_12","type":"source","study":"An RCT META analysis based on the effect of tai chi exercise therapy on the outcome of elderly patients with moderate-to-severe sleep disorders-A systematic review study","year":2024,"doi":"10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24085","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24085","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_13","type":"source","study":"Effects of sedentary behaviour and long-term regular Tai Chi exercise on dynamic stability control during gait initiation in older women","year":2024,"doi":"10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353270","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2024.1353270","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_14","type":"source","study":"The influence of Tai Chi exercise on the subjective well-being in the aged: the mediating role of physical fitness and cognitive function","year":2023,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-023-04366-3","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04366-3","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_15","type":"source","study":"The association of Tai Chi exercise with the methylation levels of the IL20 promoter","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fspor.2025.1585153","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2025.1585153","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_16","type":"source","study":"Effect of different types of Tai Chi exercise programs on the rate of change in bone mineral density in middle-aged adults at risk of osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial","year":2023,"doi":"10.1186/s13018-023-04324-0","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-04324-0","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_17","type":"source","study":"Tai Chi Exercise for Mental and Physical Well-Being in Patients with Depressive Symptoms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3390/ijerph20042828","url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042828","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_18","type":"source","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercise on anxiety and depression in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2023.1295342","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1295342","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_19","type":"source","study":"BEAM study (Breathing, Education, Awareness, Movement): a randomised controlled feasibility trial of tai chi exercise in patients with COPD","year":2020,"doi":"10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000697","url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000697","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_20","type":"source","study":"An RCT META analysis based on the efficacy of Tai Chi exercise therapy on blood pressure and blood lipids in patients with essential hypertension","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2025.1506912","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2025.1506912","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_21","type":"source","study":"Exploring the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine exercise in alleviating anxiety and depression in older adults: a comprehensive study with randomized controlled trial and network meta-analysis","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1290471","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1290471","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_22","type":"source","study":"Effectiveness of Tai chi exercise on overall quality of life and its physical and psychological components among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","year":2020,"doi":"10.1590/1414-431X202010196","url":"https://doi.org/10.1590/1414-431X202010196","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_23","type":"source","study":"The relationship between mobile phone dependence, self-control, and Tai Chi exercise among sub-health older adults in urban areas: a latent profile analysis","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fpubh.2026.1759896","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1759896","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_24","type":"source","study":"The effects of Tai Chi exercise on sleep quality among the elderly: a study based on polysomnographic monitoring","year":2024,"doi":"10.3389/fneur.2024.1304463","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2024.1304463","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_25","type":"source","study":"Effects of Tai Chi exercise on pain, functional status, and quality of life in patients with osteoarthritis or inflammatory arthritis","year":2024,"doi":"10.5606/tftrd.2024.13140","url":"https://doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2024.13140","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_26","type":"source","study":"Impacts of tai chi exercise on functional fitness in community-dwelling older adults with mild degenerative knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled clinical trial","year":2021,"doi":"10.1186/s12877-021-02390-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02390-9","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_27","type":"source","study":"Effectiveness of Tai Chi exercise on balance, falls, and motor function in older adults: a meta-analysis","year":2024,"doi":"10.3389/fmed.2024.1486746","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2024.1486746","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_28","type":"source","study":"The Impact of Tai Chi Exercise on Health Care Utilization and Imputed Cost in Residents of Low-Income Senior Housing","year":2021,"doi":"10.1177/2164956120985479","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2164956120985479","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_29","type":"source","study":"Functional outcomes of Tai Chi exercise prescription in women with knee osteoarthritis","year":2022,"doi":"10.1016/j.smhs.2022.10.001","url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2022.10.001","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_30","type":"source","study":"Effects of Tai Chi exercise on improving walking function and posture control in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis","year":2021,"doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000025655","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000025655","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_31","type":"source","study":"Effect of Tai Chi exercise on lower limb function and balance ability in patients with knee osteoarthritis","year":2021,"doi":"10.1097/MD.0000000000027647","url":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000027647","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_32","type":"source","study":"Tai Chi exercise can ameliorate physical and mental health of patients with knee osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis.","year":2021,"doi":"10.1177/0269215520954343","url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215520954343","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_33","type":"source","study":"Safety and effects of a home-based Tai Chi exercise rehabilitation program in patients with chronic heart failure: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1237539","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1237539","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_34","type":"source","study":"Tai Chi exercise reduces circulating levels of inflammatory oxylipins in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis: results from a pilot study","year":2023,"doi":"10.3389/fmed.2023.1210170","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2023.1210170","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_35","type":"source","study":"Efficacy and safety of tai chi exercise on bone health: An umbrella review","year":2023,"doi":"10.1007/s00198-023-06830-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-023-06830-7","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_36","type":"source","study":"TaiChi-MSS protocol: enhancing cognitive and brain function in MCI patients through Tai Chi exercise combined with multisensory stimulation","year":2025,"doi":"10.3389/fnagi.2025.1514127","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2025.1514127","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_37","type":"source","study":"Tai Chi exercise and neuroplasticity: a narrative review according to neural mechanisms and clinical utilizations in brain health","year":2026,"doi":"10.3389/fnins.2026.1769779","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2026.1769779","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not 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extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"id":"source_40","type":"source","study":"Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Balance Function in Stroke Patients: An Overview of Systematic Review","year":2022,"doi":"10.1155/2022/3895514","url":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3895514","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"id":"source_41","type":"source","study":"The beneficial effects of Tai Chi exercise on endothelial function and arterial stiffness in elderly women with rheumatoid arthritis","year":2015,"doi":"10.1186/s13075-015-0893-x","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-015-0893-x","population":"not extracted","intervention_or_exposure":"not extracted","comparator":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not 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