{"publication_id":"29128105-c2a4-458c-82fa-0e4185e828f9","traces":[{"claim_id":"claim_1","claim":"Evidence-honesty note: 35/46 retained sources are indirect, review-level, adjacent, or mechanistic and are used only to bound interpretation. The conclusion therefore does not support broad causal, clinical, or policy claims.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled 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extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_3","claim":"We conducted an AI-assisted structured evidence synthesis, mapping 46 curated primary studies and reviews onto standardized outcome categories, with each claim auditable back to a coded source rather than pooled narratively.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled 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extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_5","claim":"Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled 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The review is organized around the distinction between direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, adjacent/review/context evidence, and mechanistic evidence so that biological plausibility is not confused with clinical certainty.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_7","claim":"The corpus contains 11 direct clinical sources, 35 adjacent, review, or context sources, and no sources classified primarily as mechanistic or model-system evidence. That distribution makes the synthesis appropriate for evaluating convergence, boundary conditions, and trial-design implications, while requiring caution around any conclusion that would exceed the direct human evidence.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_8","claim":"The introductory frame therefore treats the corpus as a set of evidence roles rather than a single directional verdict. Direct sources define the applied boundary, adjacent sources locate comparable clinical contexts, and mechanistic sources identify plausible bridges that still require endpoint-level confirmation.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_9","claim":"This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_10","claim":"The mechanistic layer is most useful when it explains why a trial signal might appear or fail to appear. It is weaker when it is used as a replacement for outcome data, so this synthesis treats it as interpretive support rather than independent clinical proof.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_11","claim":"Null findings have a specific role in this evidence model. They do not erase mechanistic plausibility, but they do narrow the set of claims that can be made about effect consistency, target population, and endpoint selection.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_12","claim":"Adverse or negative signals are likewise retained in the main interpretation. For an aging intervention, the risk profile is part of the efficacy question because a plausible mechanism is not sufficient if the same corpus shows offsetting harm or tolerability constraints.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_13","claim":"The evidence base also distinguishes breadth from certainty. A broad corpus can cover many biological domains while still leaving the clinically decisive question unresolved if direct evidence is limited, heterogeneous, or endpoint-specific.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_14","claim":"For that reason, the manuscript does not collapse every source into a single recommendation. It presents the intervention as a set of linked claims whose strength depends on the evidence tier and the match between mechanism, population, and endpoint.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_15","claim":"The research value of the synthesis lies in making these boundaries explicit. It identifies which evidence streams are already aligned, which ones remain discordant, and which future studies would most directly test the unresolved bridge.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_16","claim":"The background evidence for tai chi exercise effects is heterogeneous rather than uniformly confirmatory. Direct clinical sources such as Chen 2025, Lyu 2026, Niu 2023 are interpreted separately from mechanistic studies such as the retained evidence base, because these evidence roles answer different questions about aging biology and clinical translation.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_17","claim":"The direct evidence establishes what has been observed in human or adjacent clinical settings. The mechanistic evidence helps explain why an effect might be plausible, but it does not by itself establish the size, durability, or safety of a human healthspan effect.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_18","claim":"Across the retained sources, positive signals cluster around the cardiometabolic and contextual adjacent evidence outcome classes; null signals around the contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic, safety and comorbidity outcome classes; and negative or adverse signals around the cardiometabolic and muscle function outcome classes. This pattern motivates a synthesis that keeps outcome domains separate before drawing cross-domain interpretation.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_19","claim":"The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_20","claim":"The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, observed direct signals when present, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_21","claim":"The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias sidecar when populated, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_22","claim":"Risk-of-bias framework assignment follows study design (RoB-2 for RCTs, ROBINS-I for non-randomised studies, AMSTAR-2 for systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Public appraisal claims are limited to populated `risk_of_bias.json` rows; when no populated ratings are present, interpretation remains bounded by source tier and directness rather than formal RoB certification.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_23","claim":"Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, muscle function, safety and comorbidity, skeletal, fracture, and bone); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_24","claim":"Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary `manifest.json`. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_25","claim":"Topic-fit rationale: Sources are retained only when they operationalize tai chi exercise effects directly or provide adjacent/contextual boundary evidence for the same construct. 11/46 retained sources are classified as direct; adjacent, contextual, review-level, or mechanistic sources are reclassified as boundary evidence rather than used for broad efficacy claims. Representative source-fit checks: Shin 2015 (indirect; Cardiometabolic), Chen 2025 (direct; Safety and Comorbidity), Lin 2024 (review; Contextual Adjacent Evidence), Yin 2023 (review; Cardiometabolic), Zhang 2026 (indirect; Contextual Adjacent Evidence).","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_26","claim":"Findings Map accounting note: each outcome-class n, direction count, directness count, and source roster is computed from the same source-level rows listed in the detailed table. Receipt-level direction is not a statement that the source abstracts lack directional statistics; it is the conservative coded polarity used for synthesis accounting. Outcome-class roster: Contextual Adjacent Evidence n=26 (direction: null=11; positive=2; unclear=13; directness: direct=3; indirect=13; review=10; sources: Chen 2021; Chen 2024; Chiang 2026; Dong 2023; Hao 2026; Hu 2021; Jain 2022; Jin 2026; Kang 2022; Kuang 2024; Lei 2022; Li 2024a; Li 2024b; Lin 2024; Lyu 2026; Perloff 2021; Sani 2023; Shen 2023; Wang 2020; Wang 2023; Wang 2024; Yeh 2020; You 2021; Zhang 2026; Zheng 2021; Zhou 2025); Cardiometabolic n=10 (direction: negative=1; null=5; positive=1; unclear=3; directness: direct=3; indirect=3; review=4; sources: Hu 2022; Li 2021; Liu 2016; Niu 2023; Niu 2024; Shi 2022; Shin 2015; Wu 2018; Xu 2025; Yin 2023); Safety and Comorbidity n=4 (direction: null=2; unclear=2; directness: direct=2; indirect=1; review=1; sources: Chen 2025; Jiao 2023; Li 2023; Shen 2010); Muscle Function n=3 (direction: mixed=1; negative=1; unclear=1; directness: direct=1; indirect=1; review=1; sources: Hao 2019; Kalebota 2024; Yang 2021); Skeletal, Fracture, and Bone n=3 (direction: unclear=3; directness: direct=2; review=1; sources: Kong 2023; Wayne 2012; Zhang 2024).","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_27","claim":"Tension-accounting note: disagreement counts are claim-level. Substantive tension still remains between biomarker-elevating studies and mixed/null clinical-endpoint studies, so these contrasts are treated as unresolved evidence gaps.","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_28","claim":"| Evidence domain | Source | Direction | Directness | Tier | Evidence role | Finding |","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_29","claim":"| Cardiometabolic | Hu 2022: Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on Balance Function in Stroke Patients: An Overview of Systematic Review | direction=null | directness=review | B2 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=1 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding |","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]},{"claim_id":"claim_30","claim":"| Cardiometabolic | Liu 2016: Comparative effects of Yi Jin Jing versus Tai Chi exercise training on benign prostatic hyperplasia-related outcomes in older adults: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial | direction=null | directness=direct | A1 | outcome=Cardiometabolic; direction=null | finding=22 extracted claim(s); receipt-level direction is the coded finding |","candidate_sources":[{"source_id":"source_1","study":"Sensory-emotional-cognitive effects of resistance exercise and Tai Chi exercise in Japanese community-dwelling older adults with chronic pain: a non-randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-025-05100-9","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_2","study":"The effects of different types of Tai Chi exercises on preventing falls in older adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","doi":"10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-023-02674-7","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_3","study":"Effects of the different Tai Chi exercise cycles on patients with essential hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis","doi":"10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2023.1016629","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"review-level"},{"source_id":"source_4","study":"An acute intervention experimental study on the effects of green and blue environment exposure combined with tai chi exercise on the emotional health of elderly males","doi":"10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1743865","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"},{"source_id":"source_5","study":"Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial","doi":"10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646","support_kind":"candidate_source_row","population":"not extracted","endpoint":"not extracted","effect":"not extracted","directness":"primary"}]}]}