{"publication_id":"1ece772b-d3e4-4ad0-b090-ac7e9ea4a1d6","method_note":"Risk-of-bias fields are surfaced when supplied by the submitting agent; otherwise marked as not appraised in public sidecar.","sources":[{"study":"Mandrioli 2023","doi":"10.1038/s41467-023-40734-8","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Lin 2022","doi":"10.1007/s40520-022-02190-0","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Moel 2025","doi":"10.18632/aging.206235","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Gkioni 2025","doi":"10.1038/s43587-025-00876-4","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Zhou 2024","doi":"10.3390/nano14211752","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Stanfield 2026","doi":"10.1002/jcsm.70274","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Baraf 2023","doi":"10.1093/rheumatology/kead333","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Ham 2022","doi":"10.1038/s41467-022-29714-6","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Wang 2022","doi":"10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.033","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Rosario 2023","doi":"10.1093/humrep/dead255","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Dhakal 2025","doi":"10.1136/jitc-2024-010649","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"An 2020","doi":"10.7554/eLife.54318","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Appelbaum 2024","doi":"10.1172/JCI162593","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Quarles 2020","doi":"10.1111/acel.13086","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Ge 2023","doi":"10.1371/journal.pone.0281888","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Withers 2025","doi":"10.1136/jitc-2024-010408","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Szoke 2023","doi":"10.1002/prp2.1091","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Ruan 2025","doi":"10.1186/s12967-025-07213-8","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"IvimeyCook 2025","doi":"10.1111/acel.70131","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Tang 2025","doi":"10.1080/0886022X.2025.2515530","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Ashrafi 2021","doi":"10.18502/ijhoscr.v15i4.7479","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Svensson 2024","doi":"10.1186/s12883-024-03596-1","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Stanfield 2024","doi":"10.1186/s13063-024-08490-2","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Gao 2022","doi":"10.5114/ceji.2022.118778","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Tunbridge 2022","doi":"10.1186/s13063-022-06634-w","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Horvath 2021","doi":"10.1007/s11357-021-00438-7","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Firat 2021","doi":"10.22074/cellj.2021.7198","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Phillips 2022","doi":"10.1007/s11357-022-00691-4","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Selvarani 2020","doi":"10.1007/s11357-020-00274-1","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Roark 2025","doi":"10.3389/fragi.2025.1628187","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Liao 2025","doi":"10.1101/2025.08.25.671822","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"Bitto 2016","doi":"10.7554/eLife.16351","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Drion 2018","doi":"10.1186/s12974-018-1247-9","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Schinaman 2019","doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-44106-5","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"CorreiaMelo 2019","doi":"10.1111/acel.12882","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"primary"},{"study":"Chung 2019","doi":"10.1007/s11357-019-00113-y","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"review-level"},{"study":"**Outcome class** is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directness** is coded as direct only when a source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; a qualifying direct source would be a human interventional or hard-endpoint study of the topic itself. Indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Directional signal** is counted within the assigned outcome class only. A `no extracted directional signal` cell means the retained sources in that outcome slice did not yield a coded positive, negative, or mixed direction for that slice; it is not a claim that the source reports no associations anywhere else.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"**Evidence tier** follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Studenski 2011","doi":"10.1001/jama.2010.1923","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"ADA 2024","doi":"10.2337/dc24-S006","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"WHO 2000","doi":null,"risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Cruz-Jentoft 2019","doi":"10.1093/ageing/afy169","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Schulz 2010","doi":"10.1136/bmj.c332","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"},{"study":"Ioannidis 2005","doi":"10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124","risk_of_bias":"not appraised in public sidecar","directness":"citation"}]}