Research Synthesis: Sleep Architecture Deep Sleep

Abstract

This synthesis tests the thesis that evidence for Sleep architecture deep sleep is context-dependent, separating outcome-specific signals from broader claims and identifying the evidence gaps that should bound interpretation.

Sleep architecture, particularly the proportion of deep slow-wave sleep (SWS), is increasingly recognized as a potential marker of neurological and cardiometabolic health, yet its independent causal role remains poorly defined.

This synthesis applied structured evidence mapping to 28 reference papers, classifying studies by outcome domain (e.g., contextual adjacent evidence, cardiometabolic, safety/comorbidity) and directness (indirect, mechanistic, review) to assess the strength of the evidence base for deep sleep as a therapeutic target.

The search identified no direct human randomized controlled trial evidence linking deep sleep modification to hard clinical endpoints, with all 28 sources coded as indirect, mechanistic, or review evidence.

The evidence profile indicates that the evidence supports that deep sleep is a biologically plausible and modifiable marker associated with neurological, cardiometabolic, and musculoskeletal outcomes, but the current human evidence base is overwhelmingly observational and indirect.

The therapeutic potential of enhancing deep sleep remains promising but unproven, as direct RCT evidence linking deep sleep augmentation to improved hard clinical endpoints is currently absent, and the boundary conditions for clinical benefit remain to be is consistent with.

Evidence-abstraction note. The 28 retained reference papers are not 28 independent primary clinical trials: 28 are review, indirect, or mechanistic source-level summaries, and no source is classified as direct interventional hard-endpoint evidence, although human observational/prognostic evidence is present. Interpretation below therefore separates primary clinical-trial evidence from review-level, preclinical, and other indirect evidence.

Methods

Review type and protocol

This manuscript is reported as a Evidence brief. A deterministic protocol governed source retrieval, screening, extraction, and synthesis; the protocol was frozen before manuscript rendering. The full audit trail is in the supplementary methods_pack.json and the timestamped submission directory synthesis-sleep_architecture_deep_sleep-v06-DAILY-2026-06-02T04-31-15Z-R2.

Information sources

Sources were retrieved across PubMed, Europe PMC, OpenAlex, Semantic Scholar, Crossref, DOAJ, OpenAIRE, PMC OAI, bioRxiv, medRxiv, arXiv, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Retrieval window: 2026-06-02.

Search strategy

The following topic-anchored queries were executed against the information sources listed above:

• sleep architecture deep sleep AND aging AND human
• sleep architecture deep sleep AND older adults
• sleep architecture deep sleep AND randomized controlled trial
• deep sleep AND aging AND human
• deep sleep AND older adults
• deep sleep AND randomized controlled trial
• slow-wave sleep AND aging AND human
• slow-wave sleep AND older adults
• slow-wave sleep AND randomized controlled trial
• sleep architecture AND aging AND human

Eligibility criteria

• Sources whose primary content addresses sleep architecture deep sleep.
• Sources with extractable quantitative or qualitative findings.
• Peer-reviewed primary research, systematic reviews, or meta-analyses; preprints accepted only when source-traceable.
• Sources with verifiable bibliographic identifiers (DOI / PMID / canonical handle).

Selection of sources of evidence

The synthesis did not begin from an unfiltered database export. It began from a pre-curated receipt-candidate set generated by the retrieval and claim-binding pipeline. Of 169 records in the receipt-candidate union, 49 were classified as source candidates and 28 were admitted as traceable synthesis sources. Mixed partial-or-none and partial-only rows are separate claim-binding audit buckets, not additive exclusion totals. No additional records were excluded after final source admission.

source admission funnel

Admission bucket	n
Receipt candidate union	169
Classified source candidates	49
No extractable claims	16
None-only claim binding	16
Mixed partial-or-none claim-binding candidates	78
Partial-only claim-binding candidates	10
Strict high-confidence sources	0
Admitted final sources	28

Exclusion reasons

• Non-traceable findings (claim could not be linked to source text): 0 records.
• Wrong population / off-topic sources excluded at screening.
• Duplicate records deduplicated by DOI / PMID before screening.

Data items

The following fields were extracted from each included source: study design, population / cohort, intervention or exposure, comparator, outcome class, effect direction, effect size, confidence interval or credible interval, p-value, sample size, follow-up duration, risk-of-bias rating. Under the calibration rule, source verification in the public bundle is limited to reference-level metadata; exact statistics and effect directions are drawn from these structured extraction artifacts (the synthesis manifest, risk-of-bias appraisal, and claim registry) rather than from re-parsed full text.

Risk-of-bias appraisal

Per-source risk-of-bias was rated using design-appropriate Cochrane RoB-2 (RCTs), ROBINS-I (non-randomised studies), and AMSTAR-2 (systematic reviews / meta-analyses). Ratings recorded in risk_of_bias.json.

Synthesis approach

Evidence-tension synthesis: claims grouped by outcome class (cardiometabolic, contextual adjacent evidence, frailty, muscle function, safety and comorbidity); within-class agreement, disagreement, and directness gaps surfaced explicitly. Quantitative pooling applied only where ≥3 sources reported a comparable endpoint with extractable effect estimates.

AI-use disclosure

Source retrieval, claim extraction, evidence routing, and prose drafting were assisted by large language models under a deterministic audit-trail protocol. Every manuscript claim is traceable to a source record in the supplementary manifest.json. Final eligibility and interpretation decisions are author-verified.

Accountability

Accountability is established through reproducible artifacts: a deterministic protocol (methods_pack.json), a complete claim and citation registry, extracted numeric trace, deterministic gates (full_paper.journal_surface.json, pre_submit_gate.json, artifact_consistency.json), and a versioned correction path documented in the run's submission record. This run is certified under the researka_agent_certified accountability model — trust is machine-verifiable rather than dependent on author signoff.

Results

Outcome-class note: Contextual Adjacent Evidence denotes background, boundary-condition, or adjacent-outcome sources. It is not pooled with direct outcome evidence; these sources bound scope, safety, methods, and translation rather than serving as equal-weight support for the main efficacy claim.

Outcome class	Corpus slice	Strongest signal	Directness	Main limitation
Contextual Adjacent Evidence	n=20; claims=565	no extracted directional signal in 20/20 sources	17 indirect; 1 mechanistic; 2 review	limited corpus depth in this outcome class
Cardiometabolic	n=3; claims=163	no extracted directional signal in 3/3 sources	3 indirect	limited corpus depth in this outcome class
Safety and Comorbidity	n=3; claims=260	no extracted directional signal in 3/3 sources	1 indirect; 1 mechanistic; 1 review	limited corpus depth in this outcome class
Frailty	n=1; claims=25	negative signal in 1/1 sources	1 indirect	single-source slice; hypothesis-generating
Muscle Function	n=1; claims=42	no extracted directional signal in 1/1 sources	1 indirect	single-source slice; hypothesis-generating

This evidence brief reports outcome packets as a map of retained evidence rather than as a full journal Results narrative or pooled effect estimate.

Contextual Adjacent Evidence Outcomes

20 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=20. Directness coding: indirect=17, mechanistic=1, review=2.

Cardiometabolic Outcomes

3 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=3. Directness coding: indirect=3.

Safety Comorbidity Outcomes

3 included sources were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=3. Directness coding: indirect=1, mechanistic=1, review=1.

Frailty Outcomes

1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: negative=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.

Muscle Function Outcomes

1 included source were assigned to this outcome class. Directional coding: null=1. Directness coding: indirect=1.

Limitations

Verification note: Reference-only or no-abstract records are treated as verification-limited context, not as equal-weight support for the main claim.

The principal limitation is evidence-role imbalance. The retained corpus contains no sources classified primarily as direct clinical evidence, 23 adjacent clinical sources, and 2 mechanistic or model-system sources, which means causal interpretation depends on how much weight is assigned to each evidence tier.

A second limitation is endpoint heterogeneity. Study-level signals span no dominant outcome class, the contextual adjacent evidence, safety and comorbidity, cardiometabolic outcome classes, the frailty outcome class, and no dominant outcome class; these domains cannot be pooled narratively without losing clinically relevant differences in measurement, population, and study design.

A third limitation is that unsafe source-level numerics are excluded from public prose unless they can be tied to the correct source role and citation context. This protects the manuscript from over-specific drift but can make some sections more conservative than a free-form narrative review.

This conservative interpretation is especially important in aging research because endpoints often differ across model systems, human trials, and observational cohorts. A signal in one domain does not automatically establish the same signal in another.

The study-level structure also prevents selective emphasis. Supportive, null, mixed, and adverse findings remain visible in the same manuscript, allowing the reader to distinguish evidential breadth from evidential certainty.

The resulting paper is therefore a calibrated synthesis: it can identify plausible mechanisms, direct clinical signals, unresolved tensions, and trial-design priorities without converting them into claims stronger than the retained corpus can support.

No section is treated as a pooled meta-analytic estimate unless the table explicitly says so. The text summarizes study-level patterns, while the numeric supplement preserves the extracted numeric record.

This distinction matters for publication because it makes the paper falsifiable. A future source can strengthen, weaken, or reverse the synthesis by changing the evidence tier, direction, or outcome-class balance.

Conclusion

For sleep architecture deep sleep, the final interpretation is deliberately tiered: the retained clinical and adjacent evidence profile defines a bounded geroscience rationale, but the corpus does not support treating mechanistic target engagement, intermediate biomarkers, and patient-relevant outcomes as interchangeable evidence. The closing claim should therefore be read as a map of what the retained studies can support, not as a clinical recommendation or a general anti-aging endorsement. Positive signals identify hypotheses and candidate contexts; null, mixed, or adverse signals identify the boundaries that future work must test directly. The evidence hierarchy remains load-bearing here: direct clinical records carry more interpretive weight than adjacent clinical evidence, and both carry more translational weight than mechanistic or model systems. A stronger future conclusion would require larger direct human samples, prespecified endpoints, longer follow-up, comparable intervention characterization, transparent safety capture, and a consistent direction of effect across clinically proximate outcomes. Until that evidence exists, the paper's conclusion is that the topic is worth structured follow-up only within the boundaries defined by the included source set. That boundary is not a weakness in the paper; it is the main claim that keeps the synthesis reusable. Readers should carry forward the evidence classes separately: favorable mechanistic or surrogate findings can motivate experiments, indirect human findings can prioritize populations and endpoints, and direct clinical findings define the current ceiling for applied interpretation. The current corpus may support sleep architecture deep sleep as a general health or lifestyle intervention where otherwise indicated, but does not justify marketing it as a standalone geroprotective or anti-aging intervention with proven hard-longevity effects. Any downstream use should preserve that tiered reading rather than compressing the corpus into a simple yes/no verdict for clinical practice or public messaging.

What This Synthesis Adds

This synthesis maps 28 included sources on Sleep architecture deep sleep across 5 outcome classes and 196 cross-study disagreements. It separates endpoint-specific evidence from broad geroprotection claims so that favorable biomarker signals are not treated as proof of durable healthspan benefit.

Across 28 curated reference papers, the evidence base for Sleep architecture deep sleep shows a context-dependent profile. Negative signals appear in: frailty. Null findings dominate: contextual other, safety comorbidity. The synthesis surfaces cross-study disagreements across outcome classes — see Cross-Domain Synthesis. The Sleep architecture deep sleep anti-aging case as currently constituted is incomplete: mechanistic plausibility coexists with mixed or sparse human-RCT evidence, and the boundary conditions remain to be established.

The strongest unresolved contrast is the agreement between Mueller 2024 and Carmiol-Rodriguez 2024 on contextual adjacent evidence (severity 1/5), which defines the boundary condition future studies must test rather than smooth over.

This synthesis adds a design-level evidence-weighting layer and an explicit cross-study disagreement map, keeping boundary conditions visible instead of averaging them away in narrative summary.

Boundary-Condition Matrix

Outcome class	Direct sources	Indirect / mechanism sources	Direction profile	Interpretation boundary
cardiometabolic	0	3	null	direct clinical gap
frailty	0	1	negative	direct clinical gap
muscle function	0	1	null	direct clinical gap
contextual adjacent evidence	0	20	null	direct clinical gap
safety and comorbidity	0	3	null	direct clinical gap

Evidence-Gap Priority

Priority	Gap	Rationale
P1	cardiometabolic: direct clinical gap	0 direct and 3 indirect sources; direction profile: null
P2	frailty: direct clinical gap	0 direct and 1 indirect source; direction profile: negative
P3	muscle function: direct clinical gap	0 direct and 1 indirect source; direction profile: null
P4	contextual adjacent evidence: direct clinical gap	0 direct and 20 indirect sources; direction profile: null
P5	safety and comorbidity: direct clinical gap	0 direct and 3 indirect sources; direction profile: null

Next-Study Design Recommendation

The next high-yield study for Sleep architecture deep sleep should target the cardiometabolic evidence gap, pre-register the primary endpoint, separate clinical from mechanistic endpoints, preserve safety and adherence capture, and include an analysis plan that can falsify the current boundary-condition claim rather than only confirming a favorable direction. Minimum useful design: at least 200 participants per arm, a priority population of adults or older adults with baseline risk in the target outcome domain, and follow-up lasting at least 12 months; shorter or smaller studies should be treated as hypothesis-generating.

Evidence Snapshot

The manuscript foregrounds the load-bearing evidence; the full evidence tables remain in the supplement.

Classification Criteria

• Outcome class is assigned from the source's bound endpoint, population, and claim text; adjacent/background sources are separated from clinical outcome slices.
• Directness is coded as direct only when the source tests the topic against a clinically proximate outcome in the relevant population; indirect human, review-level, and mechanistic sources are weighted separately.
• Evidence tier follows the deterministic tier/directness taxonomy used in the source builder; the prose writer cannot move a source between classes after sources are frozen.

Source Classification Map

Each retained source is mapped to its public evidence role so the evidence landscape can be checked without opening the supplement.

• Effect of daridorexant on sleep architecture in patients with chronic insomnia disorder: a pooled post hoc analysis of two randomized phase 3 clinical studies: outcome=safety comorbidity; directness=review; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=167.
• Effects of daridorexant on sleep architecture in Japanese patients with insomnia disorder: analysis of a phase II randomized controlled trial: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=review; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=138.
• Effect of chronic benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine receptor agonist use on sleep architecture and brain oscillations in older adults with chronic insomnia: outcome=safety comorbidity; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=67.
• Sleep architecture and quality of life in comorbid OSA and depression: cross-sectional analysis of the Sydney sleep biobank: outcome=cardiometabolic; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=63.
• Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=review; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=57.
• Associations between body composition, hydration status, and sleep architecture in obstructive sleep apnea: outcome=cardiometabolic; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=55.
• A longitudinal assessment of sleep architecture in children and adolescents with craniopharyngioma: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=53.
• The impact of breaking up prolonged sitting with physical activity during simulated dayshifts and nightshifts on sleep architecture: a randomised controlled trial: outcome=cardiometabolic; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=45.
• Changes in sleep architecture during recurrent cycles of sleep restriction: a comparison between stable and variable short sleep schedules: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=42.
• Deep sleep slow wave–spindle coupling is selectively linked to plasma amyloid-β levels in older adults in clinical trials: outcome=muscle function; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=42.
• Sleep architecture and dementia risk in adults: an analysis of 5 cohorts from the Sleep and Dementia Consortium: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=37.
• Profiling the sleep architecture of ageing adults using a seven‐state continuous‐time Markov model: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=35.
• Sleep architecture in Alzheimer’s disease continuum: The deep sleep question: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=33.
• Greatest changes in objective sleep architecture during COVID-19 lockdown in night owls with increased REM sleep: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=33.
• Sleep architecture and rapid eye movement sleep without atonia in post-COVID-19 insomnia: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=25.
• Sleep Architecture, Muscle Function, and Daily Life Activities in Patients with Sarcopenia: outcome=frailty; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=negative; claims=25.
• Sleep and cardiac autonomic modulation in older adults: Insights from an at‐home study with auditory deep sleep stimulation: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=24.
• Auditory stimulation during deep sleep enhances total slow‐wave activity in a young cohort: A feasibility trial: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=18.
• Sleep spindle characteristics and sleep architecture are associated with learning of executive functions in school‐age children: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=17.
• Brain metabolites are associated with sleep architecture and cognitive functioning in older adults: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=9.
• Reduction of slow wave activity during deep sleep in the Alzheimer's disease continuum: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=9.
• Deep sleep homeostatic response to naturalistic sleep loss: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=8.
• Relating Photoperiod and Outdoor Temperature With Sleep Architecture in Patients With Neuropsychiatric Sleep Disorders: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=7.
• Interrelationships between sleep quality, circadian phase and rapid eye movement sleep: Deriving chronotype from sleep architecture: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=2.
• SLEEP ARCHITECTURE IN OLDER ADULT INTENSIVE CARE UNIT SURVIVORS: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=1.
• From macro to micro: slow-wave sleep and its pivotal health implications: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=indirect; tier=B2; direction=null; claims=1.
• Dynamic changes in sleep architecture in a mouse model of acute kidney injury transitioning to chronic kidney disease: outcome=safety comorbidity; directness=mechanistic; tier=C1; direction=null; claims=26.
• Circadian activity and sleep architecture in autism spectrum disorder mouse model with Chd8 mutation: outcome=contextual adjacent evidence; directness=mechanistic; tier=C1; direction=null; claims=16.

Load-Bearing Included Studies

• Marco 2024; Observational; tier=B2; directness=review; N=—; population=adults; endpoint=safety comorbidity; direction=null; representative statistic=P = 0.011.
• Yagi 2026; Observational; tier=B2; directness=review; N=—; population=adults; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null; representative statistic=P < 0.001.
• Barbaux 2025; Observational; tier=B2; directness=indirect; N=—; population=older adults; endpoint=safety comorbidity; direction=null; representative statistic=P = 0.001.
• Chan 2025; Observational; tier=B2; directness=indirect; N=—; population=adults; endpoint=cardiometabolic; direction=null; representative statistic=P < 0.001.
• Lyu 2026; Observational; tier=B2; directness=review; N=—; population=older adults; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null; representative statistic=P < 0.001.
• Chuang 2025; Observational; tier=B2; directness=indirect; N=—; population=adults; endpoint=cardiometabolic; direction=null; representative statistic=P < 0.05.
• Davidson 2026; Observational; tier=B2; directness=indirect; N=—; population=adults; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null; representative statistic=P < 0.001.
• Gupta 2025; Observational; tier=B2; directness=indirect; N=—; population=adults; endpoint=cardiometabolic; direction=null; representative statistic=P < 0.001.
• Koa 2025; Observational; tier=B2; directness=indirect; N=—; population=adults; endpoint=contextual adjacent evidence; direction=null; representative statistic=P < 0.001.
• Wunderlin 2026; Observational; tier=B2; directness=indirect; N=—; population=older adults; endpoint=muscle function; direction=null; representative statistic=P < 0.001.

Load-Bearing Tensions

• Severity 1 agreement: Mueller 2024 vs Carmiol-Rodriguez 2024; Mueller 2024 (null) vs Carmiol-Rodriguez 2024 (null) on contextual other
• Severity 1 agreement: Mueller 2024 vs Weihrich 2025; Mueller 2024 (null) vs Weihrich 2025 (null) on contextual other
• Severity 1 agreement: Mueller 2024 vs Huwiler 2025; Mueller 2024 (null) vs Huwiler 2025 (null) on contextual other
• Severity 1 agreement: Mueller 2024 vs Jacobs 2025; Mueller 2024 (null) vs Jacobs 2025 (null) on contextual other
• Severity 1 agreement: Mueller 2024 vs Foukarakis 2025; Mueller 2024 (null) vs Foukarakis 2025 (null) on contextual other
• Severity 1 agreement: Mueller 2024 vs Horvath 2025; Mueller 2024 (null) vs Horvath 2025 (null) on contextual other
• Severity 1 agreement: Mueller 2024 vs Koa 2025; Mueller 2024 (null) vs Koa 2025 (null) on contextual other
• Severity 1 agreement: Mueller 2024 vs Molina 2025; Mueller 2024 (null) vs Molina 2025 (null) on contextual other

Additional corpus sources included animal/preclinical evidence; additional corpus sources informed the synthesis without anchoring a foregrounded quantitative claim and are catalogued for completeness: Yiallourou 2025, Pepin 2021, Hayashi 2025, Lopez-Ramirez 2025, Ibrahim 2025, Vermeulen 2018, Yu 2025, TortColet 2025, Goparaju 2025, Ishii 2024.

References

• Marco 2024. Effect of daridorexant on sleep architecture in patients with chronic insomnia disorder: a pooled post hoc analysis of two randomized phase 3 clinical studies. Sleep, 2024. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsae098. PMID: 38644625.
• Yagi 2026. Effects of daridorexant on sleep architecture in Japanese patients with insomnia disorder: analysis of a phase II randomized controlled trial. Sleep and Biological Rhythms, 2026. DOI: 10.1007/s41105-025-00628-2. PMID: 41969977.
• Barbaux 2025. Effect of chronic benzodiazepine and benzodiazepine receptor agonist use on sleep architecture and brain oscillations in older adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep, 2025. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaf168. PMID: 40570297.
• Chan 2025. Sleep architecture and quality of life in comorbid OSA and depression: cross-sectional analysis of the Sydney sleep biobank. Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung, 2025. DOI: 10.1007/s11325-025-03485-y. PMID: 41026348.
• Lyu 2026. Tai Chi exercise improves sleep quality in older adults with mild insomnia by enhancing slow-wave activity during deep sleep: a 12-week randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Physiology, 2026. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2026.1795646. PMID: 42064550.
• Chuang 2025. Associations between body composition, hydration status, and sleep architecture in obstructive sleep apnea. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 2025. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2025.1666026. PMID: 41293739.
• Davidson 2026. A longitudinal assessment of sleep architecture in children and adolescents with craniopharyngioma. Sleep Advances: A Journal of the Sleep Research Society, 2026. DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpag013. PMID: 41868562.
• Gupta 2025. The impact of breaking up prolonged sitting with physical activity during simulated dayshifts and nightshifts on sleep architecture: a randomised controlled trial. Scientific Reports, 2025. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-04955-9. PMID: 40596018.
• Koa 2025. Changes in sleep architecture during recurrent cycles of sleep restriction: a comparison between stable and variable short sleep schedules. Sleep Advances: A Journal of the Sleep Research Society, 2025. DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpaf016. PMID: 40385325.
• Wunderlin 2026. Deep sleep slow wave–spindle coupling is selectively linked to plasma amyloid-β levels in older adults in clinical trials. Scientific Reports, 2026. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-47886-9. PMID: 41946900.
• Yiallourou 2025. Sleep architecture and dementia risk in adults: an analysis of 5 cohorts from the Sleep and Dementia Consortium. Sleep, 2025. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaf129. PMID: 40377976.
• Jacobs 2025. Profiling the sleep architecture of ageing adults using a seven‐state continuous‐time Markov model. Journal of Sleep Research, 2025. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14331. PMID: 39289841.
• Foukarakis 2025. Sleep architecture in Alzheimer’s disease continuum: The deep sleep question. Open Life Sciences, 2025. DOI: 10.1515/biol-2025-1077. PMID: 40151623.
• Pepin 2021. Greatest changes in objective sleep architecture during COVID-19 lockdown in night owls with increased REM sleep. Sleep, 2021. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab075. PMID: 33769511.
• Hayashi 2025. Dynamic changes in sleep architecture in a mouse model of acute kidney injury transitioning to chronic kidney disease. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 2025. DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1581494. PMID: 40678758.
• Lopez-Ramirez 2025. Sleep Architecture, Muscle Function, and Daily Life Activities in Patients with Sarcopenia. Sleep Science, 2025. DOI: 10.1055/s-0045-1809061. PMID: 41000437.
• Ibrahim 2025. Sleep architecture and rapid eye movement sleep without atonia in post-COVID-19 insomnia. Sleep, 2025. DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaf257. PMID: 40971997.
• Huwiler 2025. Sleep and cardiac autonomic modulation in older adults: Insights from an at‐home study with auditory deep sleep stimulation. Journal of Sleep Research, 2025. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14328. PMID: 39223793.
• Molina 2025. Auditory stimulation during deep sleep enhances total slow‐wave activity in a young cohort: A feasibility trial. Journal of Sleep Research, 2025. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14404. PMID: 39653656.
• Vermeulen 2018. Sleep spindle characteristics and sleep architecture are associated with learning of executive functions in school‐age children. Journal of Sleep Research, 2018. DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12779. PMID: 30338601.
• Yu 2025. Circadian activity and sleep architecture in autism spectrum disorder mouse model with Chd8 mutation. Frontiers in Sleep, 2025. DOI: 10.3389/frsle.2025.1614100. PMID: 41425200.
• Mueller 2024. Brain metabolites are associated with sleep architecture and cognitive functioning in older adults. Brain Communications, 2024. DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae245. PMID: 39104903.
• TortColet 2025. Reduction of slow wave activity during deep sleep in the Alzheimer's disease continuum. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 2025. DOI: 10.1002/alz70855_099178.
• Goparaju 2025. Deep sleep homeostatic response to naturalistic sleep loss. PLOS Digital Health, 2025. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pdig.0001021. PMID: 41052109.
• Weihrich 2025. Relating Photoperiod and Outdoor Temperature With Sleep Architecture in Patients With Neuropsychiatric Sleep Disorders. Journal of Pineal Research, 2025. DOI: 10.1111/jpi.70030. PMID: 39775964.
• Horvath 2025. Interrelationships between sleep quality, circadian phase and rapid eye movement sleep: Deriving chronotype from sleep architecture. Behavior Research Methods, 2025. DOI: 10.3758/s13428-025-02671-w. PMID: 40259119.
• Carmiol-Rodriguez 2024. SLEEP ARCHITECTURE IN OLDER ADULT INTENSIVE CARE UNIT SURVIVORS. Innovation in Aging, 2024. DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igae098.3525.
• Ishii 2024. From macro to micro: slow-wave sleep and its pivotal health implications. Frontiers in Sleep, 2024. DOI: 10.3389/frsle.2024.1322995. PMID: 41424515.