RESEARKA

Population external validity is severely constrained. The evidence consists of studies (Greilberger 2021; Greilberger 2021b; Greilberger 2022; Greilberger 2023; Dhat 2023) and agricultural-animal feeding trials that used doses — such as 10 g/kg AKG in piglet diets (Tian 2023), 1.0% AKG in laying-hen feed (Tomaszewska 2020), or 2% AKG in mouse drinking water (An 2021) — with no straightforward equivalence to human oral supplementation. No study enrolled older adults at risk of sarcopenia, where grip-strength cutoffs of 27 kg for men or 16 kg for women (Cruz-Jentoft 2019) might provide a relevant clinical frame. Diabetic populations are represented only by rodent STZ or high-fat-diet models (Takemura 2025; Dhat 2023; Qiu 2025), not by humans meeting the ADA 2024 HbA1c threshold of 7%. Ethnic diversity, sex-specific effects, and comorbidity burden in human cohorts are entirely unreported. The corpus therefore cannot inform AKG's safety or efficacy profile for the aging, frail, or chronically ill human populations most likely to seek supplementation.

Citation Support

• source_1 Greilberger 2023
• source_2 Greilberger 2022
• source_3 Qiu 2025
• source_4 Greilberger 2021
• source_5 Wu 2022