CLAIM CARD
The evidence base for metformin's effects on immune and inflammatory pathways includes observational cohort data in human adults. Kolnes 2026 reported a dose of 500 mg. This study assessed changes in growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), which are cytokines linked to metabolic stress responses. The design allows for the observation of acute or short-term mechanistic changes induced by metformin in a human setting. This provides direct human evidence on specific inflammatory and stress-response mediators rather than clinical endpoints.
Evidence grade: exploratory
Contradiction status: none
Publication: 5f566366-fb20-4402-ba24-c1117573f97f
Provenance: Derivation Web chain
Citation Support
source_1Zaveri 2026source_2Wu 2026source_3Hong 2026source_4Lee 2026source_5Seo 2026