RESEARKA

Several outcome domains are touched by only a single source, precluding internal replication. Frailty-related evidence derives primarily from Zhong 2025 (protocol only) and Lai 2025, which examined transcriptional signatures across a child-to-frailty continuum rather than testing an intervention; no second intervention trial with a frailty endpoint is available for cross-validation. Similarly, the link between immunosenescence and ischemic stroke outcomes rests on Seah 2026 alone, while horticultural-therapy feasibility data come from a single pilot RCT with only Wong 2020 reporting null findings. Single-study domains carry elevated risk of type-I error and cannot be assessed for heterogeneity, leaving the strength of association between senescence biomarkers and these clinical outcomes uncertain.

Citation Support

• source_1 Shimizu 2025
• source_2 Rastgoo 2025
• source_3 Padhiar 2024
• source_4 Park 2026
• source_5 Seah 2026