RESEARKA

The curated corpus for vitamin K2 and vascular aging draws from 12 reference papers, but this body of evidence is distinguished by the near-complete absence of long-duration, hard-endpoint randomized controlled trials. No source in this corpus reports a prospective RCT designed to assess the effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on a primary endpoint of major adverse cardiovascular events, all-cause mortality, or clinical fracture. This creates a structural gap: the headline conclusions about vitamin K2's role in vascular aging must rely on biomarker and surrogacy endpoints that may not translate to clinical benefit, a well-documented limitation in cardiovascular research that cautions against assuming surrogate validity (Ioannidis 2005). The absence of a definitive mortality or morbidity RCT in this corpus means the claim that vitamin K2 reduces cardiovascular risk in aging adults remains speculative and cannot be confirmed or refuted from the evidence currently at hand. Future work requires multi-year, event-driven trials explicitly designed to close this gap.

Citation Support

• source_1 Peng 2025
• source_2 Xu 2025
• source_3 Placencia 2026
• source_4 Zhao 2024
• source_5 Vries 2025